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20260427-Ancient Greek Intensive Course - Part 12

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>> Hey. Madeleine, how are you doing? Hey, pretty good. I'm making a cup of tea real quick. Fantastic. Take your time. Did you get a chance to look at Sophocles for a minute? >> I did. I looked at both of those. I did not attempt that long passage, but uh >> [laughter] >> it was a Aristotle. >> [snorts] >> Yeah. >> Um but I I tried to work out some of this Sophocles.

Um I didn't really have a conclusion, but I worked with it a little bit. Good. Good. And it you know, the Aristotle is so note-like that it becomes kind of I think you know, you've got to be exposed to some Aristotle, but um Yeah. Yes. I recommend you read the Metaphysics on your own. Okay. >> And figure out whether or not you like Aristotle for the Metaphysics. And if you do, start reading him in Greek. And then you'll realize, oh God, this stuff is terrible. Um because it's so it's so note-like.

Um I really don't I'm not a big fan of Aristotle. He writes like he's taking notes. So, which is why people say, oh, he probably was he probably was these are students who were writing down his lectures and whatnot. Okay. Yeah. Yeah. Okay.

Well, why don't we do this? Let's We're going to get through one unit tonight. We're going to get through unit 10. And you're working hard. Let's start with the vocab. Let's go to the vocab. >> Okay. Please regale me with some vocab from chapter 10. This is page 272. All right.

Sorry. Oh, oh, you're still fixing tea. I'm sorry. I would >> Oh, no, no, no. I temporarily forgot. I'll grab my tea. Okay. Have my drink.

All righty. What kind of tea do you drink? Um I'm I was going to drink some green tea keep me up. It's good for you, isn't it? Isn't it? >> Yeah. It's like anti-inflammatory or something. Yeah, I I usually have ginger tea um in the evenings. So. Nice. Nice. Nice.

So. Whenever you're ready. Okay. Angelo angelo

A angelica

Angel my angel thing angel thing Good. Good. Notice the difference between the first and second principal parts. Angelo versus angelo with that accent on the end and only one lambda. Yeah. Yeah, just take just bear note. That's all. I just want you to take a note of that cuz that's you can differentiate those by that. Okay. >> Yeah, okay. Um aletheis aleth- aletheis

Aleth- aleth- true real aletheia aletheis truth reality aner and andros andros an- andros man

Axio

So axioso ax- ax- axiosa axio- ka

Axiomai axiosein Yeah, nice. Nice. Notice Notice. No, please finish. I interrupted you. >> worthy of think it right expect Yeah, to deem something worthy of something. Yeah, good. Notice in the one above aner and andros. Notice that that root that's in the genitive is alpha nu delta rho. Yeah. So, we went from from alpha nu rho cuz those are the consonants. Right? To alpha nu delta rho.

So, we can have a delta just sitting there hiding in the root that you don't even know of. So, this is one of those. I just want to you know, I want to hit those because you know, it's important for you to be building those roots anyway. Yeah. Keep going, please. apo away from basileus

A basileos king genos genus

A race kind a e a eugenes eugenes wellborn or noble What is something that is wellborn?

Alive >> [laughter] >> Yeah. You're going to you're going to notice that a lot of these words you're given a definition like wellborn or noble. Yeah. Yeah, that'll sometimes work, but as the more Greek you read, the more you'll realize, you know, these words will take on a slightly different flavor to them. Yeah, right. Okay, good. Eugenic. Oh God, don't tell me that's there. Yes, it is. Anywho, keep going with the verb delo. delo okay

Delo deloso edele- edel- edelosa Good. dedeloka dedelomai edelosain to make clear or show Good. And you're beginning to hear the patterns for the Mhm. six principal parts and they're beginning to click. Perfect. Perfect. And who is Demosthenes?

Demosthenes Demosthenes Yeah, he's a rhetor. Do you remember what a rhetor is? a speaker Good. Good. Um ex ex out of thoroughly um eudaimon eudai- eu- eudaimon eudaimon

A fortunate wealthy or happy Good. And notice that eudaimon and eudaimon are an adjective, right? That's describing somebody who's fortunate, wealthy, or happy, or literally having a good demon. Yeah. Do you have a good demon? Yeah, I do. Yeah, you good. Some days you got a an eudaimon and some days you got a cacodaimon. Mhm. You know, sometimes it's a bad demon. I think I'm pretty good good demons today as well. Nice. Yeah, good. So, I know it's silly to emphasize that, but realize that this is the word for God.

All right? So, how is your disposition today? Well, I'm I'm good godling. All right? So, I just want you to think about that. It's not exactly what you would be thinking about how you are doing. How you're bearing today. Are you bearing with a good God? Okay. Anyway, keep going. Who's the daughter? thugater thugatros daughter

Um hiereus hiereus hiere- hiere- us priest Yeah. Hierophant in English, right? Somebody who's a hierophant. You see that hiere on the front? That's the Yeah. priest or holy

Hippeus horseman and kaleo and ka- uh kale- kaleo Is that how you say that? kaleo kaleo okay And then the second one is kaleo. kaleo yeah ekalesa ke- kle- Kkleka

K Klemai Ekle Sein Ekle Sein

Good to call or to summon somebody. Right? I you know >> Yeah. Good. Meno Men Meno

Meno E Meno M Memenika Memenika

Uh Mate Memenika Memenika Remain or stay. And notice that it doesn't have a fifth or sixth principal part. Yeah. So, what does that tell you when a verb doesn't have a fifth or sixth? It means it doesn't have that perfect passive and it doesn't have that aorist passive. So, it may not just have passives altogether. Right? Meno to remain. How do you How do you be remained? I was remained. Right? It doesn't It doesn't work. So, that's why we're not That's why we're not getting those passive principal

Parts for meno cuz you really can't use it that way. Good. How about mater? What's a mater? Mother. And what's the stem of mother? Is it mu tau? Rho? Is that what it is? That tau, yeah. Mhm. Mu tau rho cuz we're dropping the vowels. Yeah. Right? What do the Dorians call mater? They call her matar.

You like that? Yeah, that's great. Yeah, with alphas. [\\h__\\h] your aetas, they put alphas there, right? Okay, fine. I don't care. Um notice the root is the mu tau rho. Look at the genitive. That's where you get it from the genitive. Good, mother.

Nomos nomo Custom or law. Pathos pathos experience suffering Yeah. Can we look Can we look that one up? Pathological. Yeah. Pathological, good. What What do you think it What do you think it really means? I don't know. Pathos. Uh

I wonder. Do you have it on your screen? Is it up there? I see it, yeah. Experience. Oh, yeah. Uh calamity

I see a little bit Oh, wait, sorry. I'm a little zoomed in here. Okay, that which happens to a person is

Incident accident This incident took place. So, kind of just an experience, right? But then look at Look at Roman numeral number two. Okay, so we get that it can be an experience, a good or bad experience, but look at number two. It's an emotion. How is an experience the same thing as an emotion? Oh, yeah. All right. Um I mean, it is. An emotion is an experience. Yeah. So, yeah, to excite pathos But we don't look at it that way. We don't We're not looking as an emotion

We're not looking at an emotion as a thing that is an experience when you say emotion. Yeah. But for some reason they are. And I think the real Really to understand this word, if you look at number four, and I know it's silly, but the grammarians always seem always seem to put it like the most scientifically. A modification in form. Now, here the grammarians are talking about words. Yeah. A modification in form. Okay, so in syntax, that's a modified construction.

>> [Sighs and gasps] >> Look at B. Passivity itself. That's This is how they referred to passive forms in language. So, like we have the verb and you We were talking about you can have it in active, middle, or passive, right? Well, their active is pathos.

That's how they refer to their I mean, their passive. They refer to their passive form as pathos or experience. It's happening to you. Your emotion is happening to you. Right? We do not look at emotions the same way. No. We do not look at them experientially and we do not look at them as a form of passive, you know, receiving or receiving something. Yeah. >> [sighs] >> Okay. So, if our basic assumptions can be questioned like what is an emotion? Right? Then we've got a real problem.

So, we'll set it in the Greek as the grammarians said it. As the reception of some action the the [snorts] emotion the experience of the emotion. Okay. Pathos. I love that. Yeah, me too. Now, let's keep going with the vocab. Okay.

Pater pater Pa patros father polis poleo po poleos city pote when pote at some time ever Notice that just by switching the accent, right? [clears throat] You go from pote just in general, you know, we're saying question wise, you know, when. But when you switch that, you know, accent to the end of the word, all of a sudden it just becomes Yeah, some random time, right? Okay. >> [snorts] >> Socrates Socratous

Socrates Mhm. Sophron

Sophron prudent or temperate Mhm. telos telous end or power Yes, and we get the verb teleutao. Right? That's the source. We We get We derive telos from teleutao. Most of these are coming from the verb. The verb is the original. That's why in the LSJ or Alice, they'll put the verb in parentheses after the word that you're looking for. Right? They'll put the verb that it came from there. So, teleutao, notice that they say to finish something. Yeah. Yeah, or to die. Yeah. Let's look up

Let's look up the verb.

And I'm going to choose this one. Boom. teleo This is a nice contract form of the root teleo. And I want you to see it. Okay. Um okay, here it is. And they're going to give us a whole bunch of examples of different cases, you know, that it's I mean, the the different forms that it's going to carry, tenses and whatnot, cases. My god, man. I should be whipped for that. Um look at number two. To fulfill one's word.

Number three, to grant in full, to work out. Huh. I'm just trying to get a feeling of what this tel tel root means. To bring to an end, to finish. To finish something. Now, look at number two. To pay what one owes or what is due. To pay what is due. Not just to pay anything, but to pay something that is due. Okay. >> Yeah. Look at number three. Initiate in the mysteries. Oh.

Very nice. Yeah, and if you follow that down, of course you're going to find some magic. Mhm. All right? Some magic and some drugs enchanting. What are you doing when you enchant someone? Right? You're bringing them to completion. These orgia at the bottom, these orgia, these rites These are rites of completion. Look at the very last line, second to last line. It says Pausanias semicolon gamo gamos

From Callimachus, right? Gamon. Gamon is a marriage or a sexual union. So, that performance of those sacred rites is a reference to the mystery of the sexual union, which is the thing that brings completion.

It brings completion. Hallelujah. Nice. So, you can see that Okay, something very simple like a sexual union. We should We all understand what that is. We all know what it is. Okay, fine.

But the way that it's being thought of in the language is different Yeah. than what you You and I think sex and we get a mental picture of you know, two people doing it. Right? That is the act, but for the Greek mind that's under the influence of the language um

The act is an act of spiritual completion. Now, you think I'm just making that up, right? Or I'm trying to be some kind of sex guru or some weirdo or something, right? Um [clears throat] not at all because it bears out in all of the literature. Yeah. It's It's Yeah. It's everywhere.

Yeah. Jesus in the church, you know, they're supposed to be a gamos. They're supposed to be a union there. Right? Why is this the fulfillment of everything? This gamos. And people say, "Oh, they put too much emphasis on sex." No, they didn't. They just looked at it differently. This is your finishing.

This is an act of finishing. I wonder what people would do differently if they looked at sex as an act of completion, right? Like I [clears throat and snorts] don't know. Do we go into it with that attitude in mind? I don't think so. We're operating under different circumstances, right? So

Um Good. And now, let's look at teleutao cuz watch this. Okay. Right? So, we're just going to modify it a little bit. Modify It's still the same root, but what happens when you add a different verbal ending to it? Okay. >> [sighs] >> To be fulfilled passively, to be fulfilled, to come to completion. Okay, that's It feels the same to me. To finish something off. Uh-oh. But frequently, it's used for dying. So, now that sexual intercourse that is the completion is now become a death. In their mind, this verb is moving

Through a world of uh uh of um uh that results in death. Coming to an end. Wait a minute, I thought it was completion. Yes. Your completion is your death. Now do you understand what the mystery is all about? We're supposed to bring you to that point of completion. Yeah. All right. Mhm. So that you can so that you can um >> [Sighs] >> live a life in which you know who you are. Yeah. >> [sighs]

[gasps]

>> Nice. So, that's why when you when you look at teleutao, you get you get finish or die. Um I want to show you this, too.

Um >> [sighs] >> Um ah, it's okay. Yeah, no, it's okay. Let's just keep going. phusis phuseos What does that mean? Hey. Uh nature. Nature. And that's what we We're pretty good about that. We want to leave it at that. We What is nature? Could you just define for me what is nature? Um

Gaia? >> [laughter] >> Uh I don't know. No, but what do you think of when you think of nature? Like I think of the wild and the wild world with molecules and all the all the stuff like that. I mean, that's kind of what I think of when I think of nature. Oh, yeah.

Uh well, I I think of yeah, ecosystem. Ecosystem or planetary stuff? Do you think like planetary? Yeah. Yeah. On a big level. That's why you said Gaia. Um origin here. Origin It means origin or growth.

Origin or growth. So that Wait a minute. My nature is my origin, right? They They tell you in that first paragraph, frequently when you're referring to people, it means their birth. Right? So again, I say something as simple as nature. And we think we know what this word means and we tag it. phusis is nature, but then we think of our nature, our concept of nature, and it doesn't fit. It's your origin. Look at number two, the natural form or constitution of a person or thing as the result of growth.

Oh [snorts] my god, seriously? Wow. Yeah. That That those lines in Greek are talking about each you know, each person has that completed genesis. What is your nature? It is your constitution as a result of your completed growth.

>> [Sighs] >> And that is your appearance. Your appearance. So, think about that for a minute, right? Your appearance is your is your like the bloom of your growth. When your growth reaches its maximal, right? When it comes to its completion, you're there. Right? That's your character or nature.

Right? Look, they use instinct. Instinct. Instinct. Ah, God. I I mean, it's it's amazing. Look at all this. We just scrolled down. Look at all Look at number three, the regular order of nature. I mean, I think that's probably where your mind was. Yeah. Yeah. That's closer to closer to where I was as well. >> [sighs] >> Nature as an originating power. Is this the nature that you were thinking of, like Mother Nature? Mhm. Yeah. Yeah. Look who they're putting here for nature, Ananke.

Phusis Right? Ananke, necessity. Necessity. Ah, God. Okay. Pythagoreans the name for two, the dyad is nature or phusis. Yeah. Yeah. Now, look at this. You didn't think I was kidding that these Greeks have all sorts of weird ways of thinking. Look at number two at the bottom. The characteristic of a sex. What is a male's characteristic? His wee-wee. Right? What is a female's What is a female's characteristic? Her hoo-ha. Right? When they say here the characteristic of sex equals idioion, if you click on idioion here,

Your nature is your the completion of your growth, which is your privy parts. Right?

Did you know men have pudenda? >> [laughter]

>> That's what it says. Right? Can you see Can you see the privy parts? Yeah. You can see them. Fantastic. Pudenda just in Latin means the shame the shame of the bits. Right? Pudor is shame. You cover up. Right?

It's a cover. Yes, and it's frequently in plural. You talk It's like our saying genitals. But when we say genitals, do we really describe this kind of nature, this natural growth? See how Like these people are freaking farmers, dog. Right? It's just it always comes back to like a natural, you know, thing. And you and I think of nature as separate from um reproduction, and it's not. We only get nature from reproduction. We only get the peak of our growth through reproduction. Right? We wouldn't be here if it weren't for the reproduction. So, to them, this This is

A big deal. When you talk about nature, you're talking about it in this context. So, yeah. The mind is working different. You would assume You would assume I'll stop sharing for a minute. Look at you. You would assume that all of these words mean the same thing.

>> [Sighs] >> That you can say one-to-one correspondences. You know, phusis equals nature. pathos equals suffering. And you think you're right, and you walk away from it, and when you get to translate, you translate those words that way. And then Yeah, right. Right. Right. That's what biblical scholars do. And since all of their stuff has already been translated, they don't need to retranslate those verses. They just assume that's fine. But when you start actually reading Greek and you're reading through these texts, you're going to realize these words

Don't really mean what you and I think they mean. They don't really mean nature. Yeah. Right? It's something different. This telos, this completion in your life. Is there a reason that your life's completion is your death? Well, I get that. You're at the end of your life. No, that's not what they said. They're thinking ionic, not chronic. It's the maximal growth. It's what you achieve when you have been brought to your maximal growth, that completed

Perfection of generation that comes from the aphroditic world. Ah, God. I love it. It's good. Amazing. Okay. Now, where did I um here's what I want to do. If we we're 30 minutes in, take 10 minutes and when we come back, I want you to translate for me the first three um entries of Greek real Greek. I want you to get it perfect and I want you to I want you to teach me that Greek. I want you to tell me what's going on in each of those passages. Take

Um take Go ahead and take 10 minutes. I need I need 10 minutes right now. Sure. All right. Okay. Okay, I'll see you in 10.

How are you? Good. Good. You got your second cup of tea. You're going to need it. Okay. >> Yeah. We're going to tackle some Sophocles. Okay. Um A and B and then we'll jump to Menander. Um I'm going to shut up and let you do this. Okay.

Good. Um

Uh good or beautiful to understand or think

Um the mortal person or human a human mortal

Um is fair or equality? Yeah, what does that mean? Uh equal or fair. Yeah, but what is the whole thing? The whole set of words that just came out of your mouth. What is that What does that mean? Um it's good to understand

Uh

Um a human mortal humans equality or fairness. Yeah, I think you had a stroke somewhere. Yeah, probably. >> [laughter] >> Right? So, you can feel it You can feel that it it's not clicking. It's not making sense. There's no there's no >> [gasps] >> orgasmic understanding of the universe all sudden. Your mind's not blown. Right? Now, watch this. Jump to B. Okay. Do this fragment and watch. The difference is this one there will be. Okay, and I'll explain why this is. Okay, it's because different operating

Systems. Okay, go ahead with B. All right.

In Greek, please. Oh, sorry. >> [snorts]

>> The the war

Lo loves um to catch or hunt uh new men. Yeah. Okay, makes sense, doesn't it? Yeah. Yeah. War's always hunting those young guys, right? Putting them into the grinder. Yeah. Ah, [sighs] yes. Now, why does that one make sense and the first one doesn't? What the hell? Right? What's the What's the difference between those two? It's simply a difference in what's tracking in the Greek. You tracked on B perfectly. You saw each each of those um you caught the main verb, you caught the subject. Nice.

Right? You caught the infinitive. Right? They're loving to do something. Somebody's loving to do something, right? And you saw the neous andras. Those are both accusatives, those young boys. Young men, andras. [clears throat] Young men. Right? Ah, war loves to hunt those young men. Okay, what is it that you're not tracking in the first sentence? What is it that you're not What you're not tracking is the use of this accusative subject with an infinitive, which is what they're going to teach you. They're going to teach you in this chapter.

It's the infinitive, so Just stand Just stand Yeah, just don't even try to translate. Just stand back and structurally look at it. Uh-huh. There's no There's no main verb, right? Phronaein is an infinitive. It can't be the main verb. Yeah. Okay. Uh-huh. Unless we Okay, so what are we going to do here? We're looking for an a verb to be. And it happens It happens to accompany kalon.

Right? It's a It's a good thing. To be good. Yeah. It's a good thing what? It's a good thing that Now, take your subject. That a snaeton a snaeton a mortal. It's a good thing that a mortal what? Phronaein.

Think about, contemplate. Okay? So, it's >> It's a good thing that the mortal thinks Mhm, good. >> fairly about humanity? About essa. About That's an accusative plural. About things equal or Yeah, equal or fair anthropois for for people, you

Know, for humans. Yeah. So, it's a good thing for somebody who's going to die to think on those things that are right for people. Right? You got to think about your place, mortal. You got to think about your stature. What's The one thing that's the difference between these two is you understood all the grammar here. You need to see that the ton snaeton is is acting as the subject. You can have an infinitive with an accusative subject. Right? It is good for somebody to do something. And when you say that for somebody, it's going to it's going to be

An accusative. Good. Good. How about Look, those are both Sophocles. How about Menander? This one you ought to you ought to blow the roof off of this. guy. All right. Um

Beaut- beautiful is the victory, but

The overwin is evil.

To be but being overbearing You're muted, doctor.

Sorry, I was muted. Thanks for telling me. One of your voices told me I was muted. Thank you, voice. Kal kalon tonikan. Just look at that. Tonikan is an articular infinitive. Nikan is an infinitive. He uh or nikao.

Right? A present infinitive. So, winning winning the win is kalon. Winning is beautiful. Okay. >> Yes, but but

Overwinning Yes. >> is evil. Okay. Yes, and so you translated it perfectly, right? But overwinning is evil. Now, tell me what that means. Um

It's uh Um it's uh it's it's evil to win too much and not lose. Victory is beautiful and and yeah.

Yeah. What do we do when we hypernikao? Hypernikao. Right? It's just nikao plus hyper. Yeah, plus hyper. It's extend >> Over. Oh, yeah, that word means over, beyond. To be more than conqueror. And look, they even quote the Epistle to the Romans 8:37.

Okay? To be more than a conqueror. Look at what's coming. If you didn't know if you didn't know that Menander had said this stuff, you know, Paul is reading Menander and people like Menander. So, and that's who he's quoting when he quotes Um so, hey, good for you, Paul. Look, he would have had this monosticoy in uh his excuse me, in his mind. So, when you why is it bad to really what? To to to be overbearing and vic- to really just obliterate everyone? Is that what that's

Saying?

I assume you. To conquer.

It's more It's like tyrannical. Yeah. Yeah, to win and to over win. It's an To me, it's an interesting con- concept. It's still a little amorphous am- you know, it's not holding its form in my brain. Cuz I understand to conquer something. Nikao is just to conquer. To beat someone, to win, to have the victory. But then you can do it excessively.

You can excessively conquer and that is a bad thing. So, I don't think that our minds are quite grasping quite grasping what they're saying, although we think we we think we are. Okay, here's what I want to do. I want to go back to these new third declension nouns that we've got. And I just want you to look at them and feel them on page 259 at the bottom. We don't need to read this. You read this. Yeah. Yeah, just read through mater. Uh skip the vocative though, but read through mater, please. Okay.

>> 259. Mater metros matri matra um metres met Oh, wait. meteres, yeah. >> [laughter and clears throat] >> um meteron meterasi or asi etrasi >> metrasi Oh, man, it's getting me. metrasi meteras Look what happened. No, no, no, I'm serious. Look what happened in the dative. Yes, you you stumbled over it because it loses its vowel. Yeah, I saw. Right? Isn't that neat? Look at the dative singular. Yeah, yeah.

For what >> They think Okay, I'll do aner aner andros andri and andra. Nothing unusual there. It looks like it's okay. andres andron andrasi andras Look at that accusative. It's accent skips all the way to the first syllable. So, that's a little bit of a jolt there, but okay. Okay, go to the next page on two actually two pages 261. I want you to look at this noun genos. genos genos And notice that it's got really odd forms. genos genos

Genus gene genos Look, it's nominative and it's accusative have the same form. Right? Fantastic. >> [sighs] >> In the plural, it's got goofy plurals. gene genon genesi Those two look fine, the genitive and dative. But look at that nominative and accusative plural gene. With an eta, it looks like a first declension sing- a nominative, right? Singular, but it it's not. Yeah. Yeah. So, it's going to be it's going to be a kind of a pain. And then they give us the name Socrates. And of course, they don't give it to us

In fut- in the plural, right? Because you know, there's only one of them. >> [laughter]

>> When you I mean, it's not It's not like nobody else was named Socrates, but um you know, we do the same thing. Um so, anyway, um look at the forms though. Socrates with an eta sigma Mhm. Socratus with an omicron upsilon sigma. And I know that looks like an accusative plural, right? But it's not. It's a genitive singular for Socrates, right? Socrate in the dative. Well, that looks kind of dative with that iota. And then a goofy accusative Socrate with an eta. Yeah, oh god, so weird nouns.

Finally, the one that's the most common at the bottom of that same page run through me with the word well, for the word polis meaning city. Okay. >> Give give me those. polis poleos

Polei polin uh poles poleon poleisi poles Good. Good. Notice that it's an is in as opposed to an os on. Right? So, okay, that's kind of neat. And then it's plural forms that poles with an epsilon iota sigma in the nominative plural. You're just going to have to memorize that. Right? It's just cities. That's just the plural for cities. Poleon looks normal. Polesi, I understand that looks like a dative, but then the accusative again poles. Right? And notice Please notice that to confound everything to make this even

More confusing is that it's gender is feminine. If you look you know, under three where it says third declension nouns the type polis poleos hey you'll notice that it's feminine. Yeah. Mhm. Oh my gosh. What's this? >> So confusing, man. Yeah. Right? It's so confusing. Okay, um so you just have to memorize you just have to memorize those forms. And if you want to know what quantitative metathesis is on 262, you should read that little Read that little description. But I don't think we need to know right now.

And I think what's more important is this basileus basileus sort of noun third declension noun basileus basileos basilei basilea Okay, I'm starting to get it. basiles or basiles. Notice that it's spelled eta or epsilon iota again. Are they having problems with this? Is there you know, is this a dialectical thing? That the eta and the epsilon iota just make kind of a slightly different twang? And so, they use it different regions. It's difficult, but you know, all you got to know is there's two different types of nominative in the plural. So, okay.

Basileon basileusi basileas Those don't look bad. We've got adjectives that we're going to learn. And then we move on to de la automate clear. I want to go to the actual grammar in this chapter and I want to make sure you understand it. Okay. >> And part of it was what we talked about today. Go to the bottom with the actual Greek that we looked at. Page 268. Go to the bottom. Let me see if I can get 268 on the screen here. The accusative subject of the infinitive. Yes. Yeah, that part is messed me up.

Okay, let's read it together. Let's you read it to me. Teach me. >> [snorts and laughter]

>> In Greek, an infinitive may have a subject. The subject of an infinitive is put in the accusative case. to agathon to graphein biblia The two write books is good. To write books is good. Writing books To write books is good. Now, look at number two. Compare that with number two. Uh this articular infinitive has no subject. So, that one above That one above had no subject, but this one does. So, let's see what it looks like.

Um agathon to Homeron graphein biblia

Um The Homer to write books is good. For Homer to write books is good. Homer's writing books is good. That Homer writes books is good. Yeah. Yeah, isn't it They're all trying to say the same thing. Yeah. Right? So, the subject here is actually Homer. It is good. You can say that Homer writes for to Homeron graphein cuz the articular infinitive is to graphein. But Homeron is the the one doing the graphein. Okay. Right? Yeah. It is good that Homer writes books.

Oh god. Yeah, it's weird. It You shouldn't have an accusative as a subject. Right? And they tell you that in the observation. Here, the articular infinitive has a subject. That's what I was just blabbing about. Homeron in the accusative case. It's weird. Oh god. Why is you getting it? Oh. Yeah. Look at the next one. Look at number three cuz that's a nice complex example. Jump to the end of the sentence. Hi polace

Sois dontais. Right? So, there's our cities in the plural. Hi polace, right? The cities sois dontai, there's our verb are being saved, right? The cities are being saved. What are they being saved by? They're being saved by the toy, that's a dative, right? By the toy and that's an article, so what's it going with? Well, it's not it's not going with the tous following it. And that tous is going with the politas following it, so >> [clears throat] >> it's not going with either of those. How

About the tois? Nope. Sayois? Nope. It's not going with those. Zoia? Nope. It's not going with those. Ah, finally. You get the article all I mean the infinitive all the way at thuein. So, this is an articular infinitive toy thuein. The cities

Are being saved by the sacrificing. Mhm. Right? By the sacrificing, that's what toy [clears throat] thuein. Now, you you say, "Well, who's doing the sacrificing? Do I have something in the accusative?" Sure enough, hi atous politas. Politas. Yeah, the cities.

By the citizens sacrificing. And then, I stuck in a an direct object zoia for what they're sacrificing, animals, and then a dative there. Tois theois, an indirect object tois theois, sacrificing animals to the gods. So, by by the citizens sacrificing animals to the gods, the cities are saved. A lot. That's a lot, huh? Yeah. >> [laughter] >> Isn't it amazing? Like, how can they when they're speaking this to each other, how the hell do they know that, "Okay, I started off with an article and I'm not going to get to its a key it's

Um infinitive until, you know, quite a few words later." So, what do I do? Do I just put my brain on hold? Right? Until I get that and then suddenly try to remember? That's what the English brain is doing. Somehow they're allowed to be able to juggle these things three-dimensionally.

Yeah. So, you can see this is a structure toy thuein. That's a structure. That's a articular infinitive with everything between being a part of that articular infinitive. Oh god. It's amazing. Amazing good work. Okay. Um what about result clauses in 87 after that? Do you What is your Did you have any when you were reading this? Did those kind of make sense to you? Yeah, those made sense. I I got that um Do I have a note somewhere about that? Okay. You've got two types of result

Clauses. You've got an actual result and a natural result. Oh, yeah. So, one action to another action and then the other one was um the

Subsequent verb is referring back to the first one, right? Yeah. You're going to make it so that You have to figure out the and why you you say, "Why um and why are they telling me you've got two classes of this?" Because sometimes in a result clause you're going to use an an indicative verb and sometimes you're going to use its infinitive form. Yeah. Right? You have to know when you're using that indicative, you're indicating an act an actual result, right? They are sacrificing to the gods with the result

That they will be saved. That's an actual result. They're actually going to be saved. But then that natural result, go look at some of those natural results. They sacrifice so as to be saved by the gods. Yes. >> [sighs] >> That Those ones are confusing to me a little bit. It's stating that one action tends to follow naturally upon another action.

Think about that. Oh, so ugly are the poems so as for the citizens not honor the poet. Yeah. Yeah. >> [laughter] >> Typically, yeah, naturally or typically this is the result. Yeah. Expected consequence. Okay. Yeah, so

For the Homer one, yeah, Homer wrote so well so as to be honored. He may or may not have actually been honored. But the quality of his work was such that his being honored was a natural or expected result. Isn't that interesting? They're distinguishing that. Why is their little Greek mind distinguishing that, you know? Yeah. >> [sighs] >> You want to know whether, you know, whether it's just natural for this thing to happen or whether it was an actuality.

That tells you a lot. I'm serious, that tells you a lot about the philosophy, that tells you a lot about the way the Greek language is working in the mind of the people that are using it from all these different nationalities.

Yeah. >> Yeah. Yeah, so natural. Okay. And what is the difference again? Look at what we're doing with this natural. Where's the verb? Sotheinai. We're using an infinitive. Which one are we on? Oh, I'm sorry, page 270. Okay. So, oh, sotheinai, yeah. Yeah. Mhm. Yeah. So as to be saved. Right? Whereas, what are we using up What are we using up here?

Sotheisontai. Sotheis. That's just a regular regular indicative. Right? So, when you when you use an indicative, just a regular standard indicative verb, you're expecting the actual results. When you use an infinitive, you're expecting the natural results of something that actually happens, right?

He should have gotten all that acclaim, but he didn't. It didn't actually happen, right? Because he died the next day. Right? >> [sighs] >> It's again, why do they want to know this?

I think it's nice. Okay. Um and then compound verbs, I don't expect that you had any problem uh because that's not a Uh yeah, that wasn't too difficult to understand. And all of these, the new verbs, the omicron contract

Are here on page 264. Oh. Yeah. At the bottom there, they give you once again that chart. Omicron to epsilon, I just want you to look at it. Omicron to epsilon becomes an omicron upsilon. Ooh. Mhm. O A becomes oi. Oi. O eta become omicron eta becomes omega. Omicron eta iota becomes omicron iota.

We're contracting into the omicron and the omega, that's all. Notice in all of those endings, we either get an omicron or an omega. Yeah. >> So, that's what you can expect in your omicron contract verbs like deilo, which means Did they give What did they tell you? Yeah, they do. Make clear or show. Yeah. This verb is used a lot for demonstration. Demonstration.

Yeah, I want to demonstrate things to you. So, that's why it's so important. And you can make compounds out of it. Anyway, look at the on page 265, just a glance at all of those endings o o ois oi oumen oute ousi. I don't want you to memorize them as a separate paradigm. I just want you to reckon right now that those have the same endings o ais a oumen ete ousi. They have the same endings on them. They've just been omicronified.

Omicron. Right? They've They've got [snorts] lots of omicrons in them now. That's all. So, don't try to memorize these contracts as a different set of paradigms. It's kind of a waste of your time. Yeah. >> You can You can They give you the machinery to make these calculations. They tell you that omicron epsilon makes an omicron upsilon. So, you can make these calculations yourself looking at the endings o ais oumen ete ousi. Good. Okay. Sorry. Sorry, imperfect. I beat that one up. Imperfect, look at the imperfects.

Right? Edeloun edelous edelou

Edeloumen edeloute edeloun. That's just the on es e oumen ete on endings. Are you memorizing more endings? No, not really. Not really. Um the place that you may get confused is the present optative at the bottom of 265 and beginning of 266.

Yeah. Look at those. Right? And they even have some alternative endings, right? [laughter] Yeah. Oh god. So oime ois oi, that that looks familiar. Oime ois oi oimen oita oin. I can do that. But look, you can also get an oiyen. Oiyes oiye. Oiyemen oiyeta oiyesan.

>> [Snorts] >> Right? That's just like Yeah. Please, I thought this stuff is supposed to be standardized. No, it's all Greek to me, right? It's There's exceptions to exceptions to exceptions, so >> [sighs] >> Look at it's infinitive deloun. Deloun. Deloun.

Delousthai, that looks like a passive infinitive, right? Yeah. Yeah. Definitely, definitely, definitely. Okay. Um there's its participle on 267. You didn't have any problem with that. It's the same as what you what you saw before. And then they give you verbs with contracted futures. And they give you the example of angelo angelo. Yeah. It's just a contracted future. All of a sudden it acts like it has a contracted future. That's all. Okay? Mm, god. Look at the Look at the example they give. Uh-oh, this is page 268.

Distinguish carefully, it says, between such forms as I I remain meno Meno. from the first principal part. But meno I will remain. So it's just the difference between the first and second principal part. Look at you remain menes, but menes

You will remain. >> [laughter] >> So the Greek ear can hear the difference between menes and menes. >> Menes, yeah. Yeah. And it's not stressed like we're doing it. We can distinguish it from stress, and that's why we bothered to use stress accents for their pitch and accents. >> too. Yeah, but it's tonal. They're hearing that stuff tonal. Okay. All right, we're done with the grammar. I want to move on with some exercises, and I want you to step up and give me your best. Sorry.

>> Tell me Tell me which ones you did best, and I want you to show me and translate and do >> [laughter] >> Do number five. Look, five's a good one. It's a warm-up. >> that. I tried that one. Okay, fair. >> know if I like completed any of these necessarily, but I I Okay. Um

Let's see here.

The good the things that are good the good things >> Well, first read it in Greek, please. Oh, sorry. Yeah, uh agathon toi chre ma chrema he arete tois

Ge ge pepaideumenois.

Um So the

Thing the thing um um that's good

Um >> [clears throat]

>> If you're spinning your wheels, go to the main verb. Go to the main verb. >> Yeah, for the educated

For the educated well um

Pepa ideumenois is indeed a participle as you just translated. Right? Um to for or with those having been educated well, but that's not your main verb. Oh, and my main verb is um

Is it Is it invisible? Yes. Okay. >> Yes, it's invisible. So find your subject. As soon as you know you've got an invisible verb to be, find your subject and then translate it is whatever.

So where is your subject? >> Arete. Good. Arete. Okay, good. >> Excellence. Mhm. Um is is a good thing >> Good. for

Those who are well educated. Good. Excellence is a good [clears throat] thing for those who are well educated, right? Now, there's two words in that sentence that we did not translate. >> Uh-huh, no. Yeah. Toi. Toi and >> And ge. Ge. Ge, [laughter] what is I ge always makes makes me makes me confused. Isn't that mean like indeed or Okay, let's let's go to all the different meanings of ge. Right? >> It's so crazy. Okay, what is ge? Look at this. 100 pages later. Look, it's Dorian Yeah,

Right. >> [laughter]

>> Oh god, I hate it. It's too much. Please stop, right? >> [laughter]

>> Look, and here's an example that would make Luke Gordon's >> [snorts] >> head drop down. Ge Dorian and Boeotian is ga. Does the vowel change the word? No. It does not. Look what it says. It's an enclitic particle. This is really the best thing of all this writing is just the end of the sentence here. It gives emphasis to the word or words which it follows.

Okay. Okay. No, they give you 100 different Look, if you just look at your sentence now, look at your sentence and realize that it's just giving that emphasis. For well for for for the words that it follows. >> Oh, okay. So um

As an enclitic, right? Are they going to tell you it's an enclitic? Yes. An enclitical part An enclitic particle. It's passing its accent on, giving emphasis to the word or words which it follows.

So what is the word that it follows? Um Tois. Tois to oh Yeah, tois the definite article. And what is that tois modifying? It's pepa ideumenois. Those Those who are at least to have been educated. So okay. Yeah.

Uh those who have been Then how do you add the the And how do you add the Okay, how do you add the influence? At least at any rate? At at least to these people specifically these people who've been educated, this is true. Right? That this happens. Right? Notice in English they're they're trying to knock on the door of what this means at any rate. And then they say, "But ah But often only to be rendered by italics in writing." Why would they say that? Right? Because it's really hard to render the fact that this ge is just

Giving emphasis to the words that it that it has come after. It's just You know, at any rate, at least with respect to these people that's really it's not coming across in English, right? So how how are you going to get to know this? Um Uh experience. Look at all the different times that it's used, and you'll pick up Look at number two here. It's an epexergetic.

What is it going to do? Is it going to explain anything to me? What I don't understand. Namely. Right? Particularly those of a certain kind or the ones who in this case? Mhm. >> [sighs] >> Look, it's used in exclamations or strong assertions. How are you going to How are you going to translate the fact that this is it is I'm I'm making a strong assertion, right? In English, we just have to say that. Look. Look, dear, I'm making a strong assertion.

Right? What? Look at number five, implying concession. Amy ge And they translated as well then, I will go. >> [laughter]

>> I will go, Amy. ge Right? Now, when you see this in a passage, you're just going to translate it as I will go. And you're going to see the ge hanging on there, and you're going to think, how the [\\h__\\h] do I translate that, right? Well, well then, what does that imply? There's some kind of concession made. Okay, fine, I'll go.

Right? Yes, that's that's what it's doing. >> [laughter] >> Right? Look, it's not Oh god. Okay, now that's one That's one particle we're talking about. What's the other one in our sentence here? bom uh toy

Remember I told you a few lessons ago, I said, don't pay attention to these particles. Don't worry about these particles too much. Right? Because it's going to blow it's going to really bother you, right? And they should be translated, but sometimes they don't. They don't really appear. Right? So, toy, watch this.

Once again, it's going to be a Right? It's going to be a quite a walk to get Let me tell you. >> [laughter] >> This is pro- This is properly Madeleine the ethical dative of su, the pronoun for you. Wait, what?

It's an ethical dative with respect to you. or toy And now it's being used as an enclitic particle. So, it's going to pass its accent on to the word before it, and that gives that word special emphasis. And it means, let me tell you. What? Oh god, what is this Is this thing different

From ge? Look, you. Look, I've got somebody in mind. I'm talking to you. Hey, I'm talking to I'm implying that there is a real or imagined audience. And this is frequently used in Homer, especially in speeches.

All right. So, look at the example now. We saw an example with Amy ge.

Right? What about What about an example with Amy toy? They translated as surely. Hey, you. I'm trying to get your attention. Look, you. They translated as look look, you. Hey, you. >> [laughter]

>> Okay, that's what toy is. Do you know how to translate toy? No. You're going to have to see it a gazillion times. Right? You're going to have to know I'm serious. You're going to have to see it a gazillion times. Yeah. >> [sighs]

>> Look at this. Zeus is the Look at this. Okay, look at Look at this Greek here. This is nice. There. You can read this. What does this say? And this is the invisible verb to be. Look, I I'm making the invisible visible. This is the invisible verb to be visible, estin.

So So, he she or it is. What would Zeus estin aither be? aither aither Yes. Yes. Mhm. Who is the aither? >> the aither the the wind I don't [laughter] know. The >> [clears throat] >> in between uh Zeus is the aither. >> Zeus Oh, yeah. Zeus is the aither. Zeus is the earth. Yep. And Zeus is what?

Ouranos. Ouranos, yeah. And And finally, they give us the toy because I'm addressing you Yeah. Hey, you there sitting there. Hey, dummy. Right? Right? Or whatever. Doesn't have to be negative, but hey, you. It's acknowledging you. Yeah. Yeah. Zeus is all of it? Yes.

All of you Zeus is all of you? Zeus is the all. Zeus is the all. Okay. You could say everything there too for toponta. Zeus is everything. Mhm. Nice. Nice. Okay, now you know. See? And all you're doing is trying to find out what this little particle means, and look, you stumbled on some kind of great deep dark secret of what what God is. God is the aither. God is the earth. God is Ouranos. God is everything.

Yeah. >> [snorts] >> brain implode >> [laughter] >> brain implode Okay, let's do some more. Um let's give you a break. Another Let's do Let's do uh 10 minutes. Let's do another 10 minutes and or so, and when we come back, I want you to pick out of these exercises I want you to pick out one of these long-ass bastards. Okay. >> And I want you to take on the whole paragraph cuz these are multiple sentences. Yeah. And I want you to take it on, okay? Just

And I don't care Ooh, but first we're going to do 24. Oh god, that's so cute. I love it. Okay, I'll see you in 10 minutes. All right. Okay.

Hold on a second. My Zoom's messed up. Your Zoom is messed up. Okay, hold on. Here I am. Okay. Fantastic.

So, you have some of these Wait, which one are we going to do first? Maybe 24? four Yeah.

When Oh, it's a question. When

Will you die?

Mhm pathe didaskalon pathe Okay.

If it makes any difference to you, this is an This is an example of a plural subject taking a singular verb. Oh. So, it's

Maketa pathe your subject pathe Oh. topathe Okay. I was I couldn't figure that. So, that >> [gasps] >> the suffering Good.

When will this suffering die?

Yeah, who's suffering? ton didaskalon the teacher Yeah. Yeah. When will the sufferings of the teachers be over? Nice.

>> [Laughter] >> Yeah. That's a smart [snorts] ass. Wait, the whichever one of the guys made this handsome record That was a That was a smart ass thing they put in there. Okay. [laughter] All right. Um which one of these did you do that you think, okay, I feel good on this one. I'm going to teach him this one.

None of them. Okay. [laughter] Um uh let's see here. Which did you least hate? Which did you least hate?

I did four and six. So, those one were the other ones I did. Um Maybe we could try both of them, I suppose. Let's try four. It looks like a nice juicy big ass long one. Right. So, just notice structurally, before you even read it, notice structurally, that first sentence is three lines And yeah. And ends at alueto. Alueto, yeah. >> Okay, good. Then we got a whole 'nother sentence after it that follows. Just be aware of that, okay? Just now break this thing down. Read in Greek, then break it

Down, explain to me what's going on. Let's translate. Okay, so >> [snorts] >> Um

I have a couple of verbs, which are Are you going to read it in Greek? Oh, yes. A a >> [cough and clears throat] >> an aneo aneo ekainon ton hyper on ton edaimonon

Me epsilon esmakhein

Ta xaste hoi hoplitai

Hyper ge

Polem polemios phulaxaste

Phulaxastai heites poleos arkhe alethos

An elue aluo alueto an elueto tauten de te tauten de ten polin axioimen

Gar gar heis

Okay. Um

Which is to appoint um But it

I think it's a aorist middle. But is Is it infinitive? So, to to appoint your oneself. >> [snorts] >> Yes, taxaste, an infinitive. Good. So, what's that? And then The other one

Is phulaxastai, which is it looks exactly the same, so I'm assuming it's the same. So, guarding for themselves. Um to guard for themselves.

Uh [groaning and clears throat] And then there's another. I But I'm

Um which is at the end after on. So

, Is it So, it's So, is it So, it's um um It's a >> [snorts] >> Um um past contrafactual? Uh right? Is it a past? Is it a past? Um I thought it was cuz it's a an aorist aorist and then on.

Right? Yeah, a plus Well, what is ethelon? Is that an aorist? Ethel on. It's from ethelo, ethelaso, eth ethelon. Right? Excuse me, ethelaso. Ethelason, excuse me. Okay. Right? So, this is um imperfect. I see. Yeah, good. Because the the a's, yeah. Yeah. That means to want.

Or to ethelon. Yes, to want. Okay. So, it's a present contrafactual, right? Cuz it's a plus an imperfect followed by where's your where's your imperfect plus on?

Oh, arkhe. Rule to Nope. No. Oh, where does that end? >> end end of the first sentence on the third line. On the So, el elueto? Yeah. We're being ruled. >> So, we do have a present We got a present contrafactual, yeah. It's a were would. A were would? Yes, it's a were would. If somebody were, then somebody would. >> If Man. [clears throat] Okay. Um

Those horsemen >> [clears throat] >> Uh

Do do do do do do do do do do do do do do Is the hoi hoplitai

Wait. No.

Is the hoi hoplitai what? I was I'm trying to find like the subject. Yeah, that looks like a subject to me, doesn't it? Yeah. Yeah. So [snorts] >> You got it? You got it?

Uh >> [snorts] >> if So, if I'm just going to uh

Yeah. Make that hoi hopli hoi hopli No, it's okay. It's I told you it's a long ass sentence. If Just keep focusing on Okay, we've got the verbs now, and we know it's a were would, so I'm looking for my subject. You found the hoi hoplitai. Yeah. Yeah. So, the hoplites?

[clears throat]

The hoplites, if the hoplites were not >> may ethelon were not wanting taxaste

To be stationed To uh okay. Yeah. esmakhein in battle an neo ekainon ton hyper on without these horsemen Yeah. Ignore the hyper clause for now, because I don't um anyway, just ignore it for now. Then what would What's your apodosis? Hei hei arkhe? [clears throat] Hei arkhe, yeah. They would rule.

The rulership of the city of the city Yeah. would would elueto be released? Yeah, would be dissolved, something like that. Um alethos, seriously. Right? Truthfully. Right? Truly, it would have been dissolved. Yes. But can that mean truly? Or truthfully? Okay. Yeah. And what are we doing there with that hyper clause? Really, it's standing in the place of a purpose, right? For the sake of guarding. Right? Those enemies being guarded. That's why they had to be stationed up there. Anyway, don't worry about that. What do we do then with the rest? Tauten

De ten polin axioimen get arches.

Oxyomen, what the hell is oxyomen? Um Uh [\\h__\\h] I don't >> show you something. Okay. >> Let me show you something as you're answering that question, what is oxyomen? Let me show you something that you can use as a tool here. Is that On Um Uh LSJ.

Okay.

Oxyomen. When you look up oxyomen it's going to identify it for you. If you ever get lost and you're like, oh [\\h__\\h] what kind is this? And if it has multiple forms, it will tell you. It'll give you, oh it can also mean this or this. So look, it's a verb. We we knew that, right? From oxyo, all right. First person plural, you probably saw that with the men on the end, right? Yeah. >> But in case you were wondering, it looks like an optative, but it's for it's a contract. It is an optative, it's a present optative active contract. See

How they put c o n t? >> Yeah. Right, that's telling you it's a contract. That's why it looks like this. Okay, great. So if you ever get lost about identifying, come to LSJ Nice. doing your homework or studying or whatever Okay. >> identify it. So we've got an optative there, so May Uh may think uh may expect or may think worthy.

The

Of the command. It's not a let's say what kind of optative. >> pollen What kind of optative can we say it there? It could be that remember we had those three so far we had the optative of wish. Optative of wish, may may might Right, may or might, sorry those two. Um and that potential optative which can be may might could would. Oh, would this be a would, right? >> Yeah. Let's try that. We could would.

There's only one slight problem. Yeah. What What are we What are we expecting with that potential? >> [snorts]

>> There's one of those little tiny words that we always have to watch out for, on. Man, we really need that on here to carry that would. >> Yeah. Yeah, that's true. >> So So it would be that. That's from I was just thinking that because of the previous sentence. Closest we can get is with the wish. I wish we would. >> Yes. Right, deem worthy of rulership this city. This city. Yeah. Yeah, okay, fine. They're just exercising those independent optatives. Now you said what else? You said number

Six? Uh yeah. Also front thug a tail. And the Yeah, okay, go ahead. Oh, daughter of prudence. Yeah, you don't want to read the Greek? How come? >> Oh, I'm sorry. I Yeah, I might not. I'm I get ahead of myself. Uh >> [laughter] >> Um

Oos a so fron a so so got tail may a d k says

M p s t say p s t s p s t p s t s toys to to to ka ku he p os a lo gois

A gar bo thais fra i fra poi say poi say os a u toy ti moto on he may tay

So two sentences, right? Yes.

For that first sentence, where's your main verb? M p p s a No, that's a participle. >> yeah. >> Yeah, they can't be. They They can't be. >> Yeah. So it's invisible be, isn't it? No, no, it's not invisible verb to be. You've got a d k says which is a subjunctive, right? So okay, you can have a subjunctive stand alone. So that can be your main verb. And it's got to be one of those three. It's got to be that hortatory, let us. It's got

To be a deliberative. Right, are we to do something? Should we do something? Or it's got to be a a a prohibition. And since it's got that may sitting here Yeah. negative don't Yeah, then I think it's a prohibition. Okay. Yeah, see how that See how that immediately just goes through the list? It's not brains, you're just going through lists of what the hell this possibly could be. You're identifying. The good translator identifies and then translates. Okay, sorry. I'll stop.

>> You're right.

A d k s a d k s Um to do wrong. So persuade to do wrong. Maybe persuaded to do wrong. Not be persuaded.

So it's telling Yes, telling you. Okay. And it's a second person singular, a d k says, right? >> You don't Yeah. Yeah, so it's hey you, don't >> don't be persuaded to

Do wrong. Oh, so close. Right? Yeah, don't literally it's don't do wrong. Don't do wrong. Having been persuaded p s a s a >> All right. >> Right? Yeah. Or you Don't put a having been. Don't put a having been because you're putting a perfect Whatever you should say Don't do wrong persuaded

And then we've got a toys logois. Notice Notice we've got toys followed by four four words later, logois. The words of the horsemen. Of the evil horsemen. >> Yeah, of the evil horsemen, right? Yeah, persuaded by the words or arguments of evil horsemen, do not do evil, right? >> These evil, isn't these evil? Or is it Uh yeah, by these. E by the by the horsemen, you mean? The words are plural. The horseman is singular. Horseman is singular. Yeah, I'm sorry. Don't be unjust after you're persuaded by words of an unjust

This this evil horseman. Good. [snorts] So what do you do with the A? Look, we've got a conditional that follows. What kind of conditional? Um Poi say os is a is it Oh, it's uh it's air it's air is Yes, poi say air is what? Optative? Subjunctive? What is this? I think it's a optative. Good. A plus optative in protasis. A plus optative

What's in the apodosis? A plus optative followed by what?

Is it Well, there's the on, so is it also optative?

A plus optative optative plus on. So that would be a Um

Uh

Like a It's on page 97 if you Okay. A plus optative optative plus on. Oh, okay. So that's future less vivid? Yes, it's my favorite conditional. Future less vivid. >> a which is a it's a sh- a should a would should would? >> Should would. Should would. Okay, so

Or if you should ever make a shameful thing.

If you should ever make If you should ever Yeah, the make I just tweaks my ear a little wrong in English. Remember how we said >> Make or do There you go. Try do. Yeah, it's if you should ever do a shameful thing.

The mother? I feel like it wouldn't. Yes, it's ou toy not who toy. Ou toy. You missed the rough breathing and because of that you went to the they which is a good instinct. I applaud your instinct, but you didn't notice that it was not a rough breathing. So ou toy is a different word. Ou toy And it's just the ou not plus the toy. Do you see that? Oh, okay. Yeah,

Ou toy. Yeah, that makes sense. So it's whatever that's it's whatever that crazy particle toy is doing. Added to the not, you know, so really not you know, right? It's just emphasizing the not there. So Yeah, if you should do shameful things ever. Yeah, if you should do shameful things ever. Now who's the subject of the would clause? It's hey mate.

Mom The mom Mhm. Would not be honored. Good. You see? It clicks makes sense. Mom wouldn't be honored. But now if you tried to translate this sentence by yourself without knowing how conditionals are working you'd be totally screwed. It's just you can't. So again we're identifying everything. Focusing in doing some

Uh deep diving. Um I want to give you a uh No, [snorts] I want to see. Um no, it's going to help.

Go to 17. All right.

I want to do one of those result clauses.

And if you remember in the result clause section Mhm. They talked about What was that little word? Oh, that the oh the the host say host say Yeah, so the so that. Mhm. So you can see it here in 17.

See how it's here in 17 at the end of the first line?

Yes. Uh-huh. Good. Good. Um so we know that there's going to be some kind of result clause here. So let's jump just don't try to translate. Just say okay, we're going to have a verb then and that verb is either going to be in the indicative right? Which is that what we've got here? So is to see or an infinitive. So is to see Yeah. I see that's um

Is that present? Yeah, it's present from so is to right? It's it's present. So it's going to be which of those conditionals? Flip up to the conditional answer you can see it. And that's on page I mean not to the conditional the result clause. I'm sorry. Oh, it's a oh, so it's the um Yeah.

So if you go to page 269 I just want you to see this. Go back to result clauses and look at about after the first paragraph it says clauses of result are two types. First uses indicative second uses infinitive. So ours is indicative. So it's an actual result. So you can translate the host say here with the actual result that. So let's go let's go back to 17 and translate it with the actual result that. Boom. Okay. So

>> [Snorts] >> with the actual result that so is to see they save the city. Okay, it's not the natural result. It's the actual result. Now that's all I want you to see from result clause. Everything else is just translating exactly like you've done before. Here we'll do it together. Okay. Where's our subject? It's hoy theoy. Where's our where's our main verb? Timon tai. Timon tai Uh-huh. From timao ti to honor. So the gods are honored. Right? How are they honored with these goats? I see. With the goats I see yeah. Yeah,

And which goats are they? Toys I see toys. They're the ones in toy hieroi. Tethu minois. They're the ones who are tethu minois. What is tethu minois? Minois? Uh tethu Um tethu

That's a tough one to identify. Oh,

From from what verb is this? What's the first principal part? It's th- uh thuo uh thuo There you go. There you go. Thuo you got it. Thuo yeah. Um So it would be

Tethu minois. Thuo thuso ethusa. Right? Tethu ka tethu ka is the perfect. Tethu mai is the perfect passive. So this is the perfect Having been um There you go. Having been sacrificed. Good. To the goats that were sacrificed in toy in toy hieroi in the temple. Temp- oh, I didn't know that one. Hieroi. That that also that makes sense. Yeah. So the gods are honored. The gods are honored. By the goats by the goats that were sacrificed in the temple. So that they save the city.

Yeah. What about the next part? A nail guard through see on exroy hoy theoy. Stop right there. Just translate that. Without the sacrifice. Yep. Exroy wish right? No, exroy hostile hostile. Oh, the gods are hostile. Yeah, they meant and dangerous co- And the co- Co- Lucy that one uh

Um co- co-

This is stupid Greek. It's really stupid Greek, right? Well, yeah. >> Don't worry too much. Don't worry too much cuz it's just the it's a present indicative co- Lucy third person. >> Oh wait, it's beau- it's beauty, right? So No, no, no. Co- no, no, no. Co- Lucy Yeah, right.

Right? Right. It's from co- Co- yeah, which means to call and and then uh Lucy as third person plural, right? So they call the

Polemius um

Which is like is that citizens? No, it's those who are going to engage in war. Oh, okay. Yeah, you can just translate it as soldiers. That's fine. >> Soldiers. Mhm. Yes, into

Or Yeah, to the earth. What What the in war >> It's not when the soldiers to the earth, right? Conquerors in battle. No, it's terrible. It's terribly written. Um, go to number

20 And I just want you to notice they've talked Just look at the structure. We've got a question mark for the first line. Mhm, that's it. >> they've they've talked a conditional. They've talked a conditional in there, right? So, we have on, right? Dayloice, on plus dayloice

Right? So, so we have one conditional right here. >> a Yeah, and it's a uh

What kind of conditional is that? You're trying to identify it, aren't you? Mhm, yeah. Good instinct, right? Good instincts. Look what you're doing. Exactly. What kind of conditional? On plus dayloice and dayloice is daylao. Daylao. Right, so it's going to change it's going to [\\h__\\h] up this vowel and this vowel looks like it's an optative, but it's not.

Um Yeah, what do you think this is? Dayloice. Is it

I'll guess. Um No, I want I don't want to guess though. Dayloice oice

Well, it's either I mean I have two choices. I don't know what to think. It's day It's daylao It's daylao with an omicron plus some kind of ending. What ending is it? And in order to get that oice, you got to think what kind of vowels could you have combined with that omicron to get that omicron iota? You could have ace, epsilon iota sigma. So, this is just a second person singular

Present

Active indicative. So, it's on plus what? >> [sighs] >> Uh subjunctive, right? I don't know. I'm not really Do you expect a subjunctive? Do you expect a subjunctive? How are we going to get an indicative? If you expect a subjunctive, watch this. No. It's indicative, so it would be yeah. Okay.

What? [laughter] Okay, go to your form. Go to your form. Um, daylao. Oh, this is why I showed you this. Look what it can be. Oh god. It It can be that present indicative at the very bottom. Second singular present indicative. There it is. But look what it can also be. It can also be a subjunctive. It can be an optative.

>> [Sighs] >> Okay.

Look at the accent. Where's our accent? Yeah, it's a

Where's our accent on daylao? >> it's on the iota. Um >> Okay, go back. Go back to your text. See how it's in the Okay. Good. So, so which one is it? That doesn't really help, right? It's either a subjunctive or an optative or an indicative. Because the accent can jump. You mean there words where that accent can jump and there's no telling of Yes. Yeah, shut up. This is the way it is. I thought you said there were specific rules for these accents and these No,

Shh. Quiet. It can be both. Don't worry. It can be both. From the sound of it, however they pronounced it, it can be both. So, let us reserve judgement for now and say it's an on plus a subjunctive or an optative or an an indicative. But you and I know from the conditionals that what do we need there? And we need exactly what you called for, a subjunctive. Okay, why am I doing this to you? Because I want you to see that you can go to You're asking yourself

That the same thing, right? You can go >> [laughter] >> You can go to LSJ and you can figure out what form it actually is or at least the unit uh kind of a constellation of possibilities. So, let's go to the apodosis, which is right here. I do case oice. Yeah, what tense is that? Adicao

Um adic adicaso caso Yeah, adicasa Right? Adicao adicaso adicasa

What is the This looks like a future. Yeah. Yeah. So, it's a it is a it's a future more vivid or Good, make it a future more vivid. It works structurally as a future more vivid. >> Does will do. Good.

All right. Good. So If somebody sh you know >> [sighs] >> If you show us virtue All right. Yeah. They won't They won't act They They won't act unjustly. All right. Yeah. If you make clear what virtue is, they won't act unjustly. Okay. They will not act unjustly. Good. All right, um I wanted you to see that and I wanted you to see there was one more hoste. Where did that hoste go? I wanted you to see a hutos hoste combination. Something is so much something that we

Have the result. Do you have that? >> There's a There's a hoya, but there's a No, not hoya. Wasn't interested in hoya, but hoya is good. >> There's a hoste in 27. 27, let's see. 27. Two Okay, go ahead and read this one and let's let's do it. Two Two sain tele doron

Ungrapsometha

Ahoyaparatous numous num numous datou daymocle psantas ostay enicatoy

Okay. Boop boop boop. Grapsometha.

Um Structurally, let's before we jump in and start translating. Structurally, what do we see here? We got a hoste. Right? So, I know I'm I'm going to get some kind of result clause. Is it First thing I ask is it going to be um actual or natural? Well, enicato

Looks like it's an indicative, right? So, it's going to be the actual result. With the actual result that the city was victorious, right? Yeah. Okay, so fine. You've already You got one clause there and then you say, "Okay, where's the main verb of the of the sentence?" And you're going to get this grapsometha. Because grapsontas you can't use. That's a participle. >> yeah. So, the grapsometha is not in And that one is um oh omsao omsao Yeah. Yeah, with that omega

With that omega, that's got to be a subjunctive. >> Yeah, subjunctive. Um

Mhm. So, it's a

What kind of independent subjunctive can we have there? We're going to have a hortatory, we can have a prohibitive, or we can have a deliberative. Now, this isn't a question, so I'm going to say it's not deliberative. Yeah. Yeah. [snorts] It's Let's try the hortatory. Can we try the hortatory? Sure. Yeah. The let us Let us what? Let us soma. Let us [snorts] um um

Let us write. >> [laughter] >> Let us

Yeah. Yeah, let us what? Grapho means uh Notice Notice it's middle. Notice it's middle. >> Middle. Oh. Right? It's middle. It >> Write ourselves. Yeah, you remember what grapho mean means when in the middle voice?

Oh, yes, yes. Indict someone on a charge of something in the genitive. So, let's indict Okay.

Who's? >> we indicting? Who's anomos?

Who's? Who's? Who's there?

Uh us? Let's indict those people on a charge of doron. There's your genitive. On a charge of bribery, gift giving. Bribery, yeah. Now, they put en tele here, which I think is out of place in bad Greek. Yeah. In the completion, in death, in the And Leave that out for now. Why do we want to indict them? Hoya, because what? Klepsontas.

Um for stealing. Yes. For stealing what? Ta to demo. Ta to demo. Ta to demo. Ta the demo. Demo? Is that people? Yes. And the ta is just in a It's just a neuter accusative plural for the things.

Yes. Yeah. Right? Because because or a charge for stealing the things of the people. Right? What Why Let's write these guys up on a charge of bribery because they stole the people's possessions, and then we just have to put in this um prepositional phrase. Para tus nomous. Contrary to the laws. Oh. Yeah.

It's literally standing next to the laws. It But when you say that, you're saying you're not following laws. You're next to the laws. It's kind of weird. So that the city is anikato. It's a That's a passive. It's conquered, right? Was conquered. It was won. Well, conquered, yeah. Yeah, that's the actual result. So that the city was conquered. Yeah. Good. Oh god. Okay. So, you see how result clauses work. Yeah. I'm going to stop sharing. You see how result clauses work. You see how conditionals work. We just went through

An entire another unit. Okay? More vocabulary, but it's the same thing. Your translation is coming out nice. We have an exam coming up. Next session, we will do the review Okay. on page Let's go there now, just so we know.

This is unit 10, 11. >> Unit 11. 10. After 10 on page 289.

Here's our review for 8 to 10, and we will do together at the beginning of class tomorrow. Numbers 1 2 3 and 5. Okay. >> 1 2 3 and 5. Just as a way of warming up, and if you want to do more, we can do more, and then I want you to jump into the exam. Now, I know you're having another exam right away. Right? Yeah. Um but I think you can do it. All right. Yeah, sure. I can try. >> [laughter] >> Remember to prep How are you going to study? You're going to prep your vocab.

If you only have time for one thing, study your vocab. Okay. Because that'll catch you before anything else will, your vocabulary. Remember they're going to be focusing on all the vocabulary that you've had in the last 10 units, but you're more likely to see the more recent vocabulary. Okay? So, study it backwards. Start with the 10th unit review vocab, go to ninth, eighth, seventh. Right? Okay. Yeah. I think you can do this because we haven't learned a lot of new grammatical structures. Mhm. We've learned how to use

Participles, and we've learned contract verbs, and a couple of little nuance to genitives, like the genitives uh subjective genitive, objective Little stuff like that that's not going to be hard for you. Right? So, um what do you need to do to study? In this case, for this unit, I would recommend vocab number one and number two, just reviewing

What those few odd bits of grammar were. Result clause You're going to see result clauses on there. I freaking guarantee Yeah. So, that kind of thing. This one's more like strategy. 8 to 10 is strategy, you know, as opposed to You don't have a gallon of memorization things that are being poured down your throat again, right? Okay. All right. All right. Let's I think we're done. I think um I think you've made it through, and I don't think we need to we need to continue. I think we can take

A break. Cool. Sounds good. And oh oh, and I will have a Lady Babylon tomorrow. Oh [\\h__\\h] what time did I Okay, I put it at 7:00. Okay. Can we start at 8:00? Is there any way we can start at 8:00? That's fine. Okay, and we'll just go 2 hours. We'll spend We'll spend the first 30 minutes reviewing. Yeah. And then we will take the exam right away, and it should only take us 2 hours. Good? Uh-huh. >> [clears throat] >> Okay. All right. How's it feel to be

Almost done with another week? Uh good. I feel like it's just begun, but yeah, it's crazy. Yeah. Yeah. I'm um I didn't mean a week. I meant another exam. We're almost done. Then we'll have Then we'll have Thursday and Friday, and pretty soon we're going to double up. One unit one one class, we're going to do two units. But I think I'm going to save it for like 18 and 19 and 20. Okay. Those can be doubled up. Okay. All right, I'll let you go. Thank you for your time tonight. Beautiful job. Please Keep up what you're doing, and let's have a good test tomorrow. Cool. Thank you. >> Armen. Yes, thank everybody. Thank everybody. Um