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20260414-Ancient Greek Intensive Course - Part 1

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>> And people And people hearing Madalena, are you there?

Good evening. Hey.

Fantastic. All right, here's what I'm going to do. I am going to jump right into things. So, I want everybody else to mute, please. Please make mute yourselves. Madalena, I want you to keep yours open because I need you to respond. All right. Fantastic. Let me just start by asking, you read the introduction and chapter one, which is unit one. What is your What is your comfort level? Do you feel good? Do you How do you feel? Um I'd say I'm a solid eight out of 10.

Eight out of 10. I'm glad that you're honest and you didn't say you understand everything because you never will. Yeah. Okay. And that's not the purpose for you just to read this and for you to understand everything.

Purpose is to get the operating system going. To get functional, right? Yeah. Okay. Fantastic. I want you to note, Madalena, before we start, oops, sorry.

I want you to note that the book says we're supposed to spend 4 hours on each unit.

4 Hours on each unit. So, you and I will have two hours together on each unit. And the other 2 hours will have to be filled in by you. Okay? >> Yeah. Fantastic. Fantastic. Okay. Here's what I want to do to start. Here at the beginning, the most important thing for you to understand are the letters. Right, the consonants and the vowels. The consonants and the vowels. So, I'm just going to ask, I know you've had some time with this already. I'm just going to ask you to warm up

Today, this opening session, warm up by telling me the alphabet and Chewie, if you give me a lot of volume. Um alpha >> Alpha I need to hear you pronounce I need to hear you pronounce. So, go ahead and just say the alphabet. Alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon,

Zeta, eta, theta, iota um kappa, lambda, mu, nu, xi, omicron pi, rho, sigma, tau, upsilon phi, chi, psi, omega Fantastic. Oh, God. That's fantastic. So, of these 24 letters, you're going to be looking at a couple of them being combinations of letters and you're going to be looking at differences between consonants and vowels. This is very important. You read about accents in the introduction. What is your opinion of accents?

Um well, I was interested on how you move and find the accent starting from the end to the beginning. And I was trying to figure out that whole science of that, but um I understand the breath marks and um how it's um intonation.

It's for um raising pitch, lowering it, and you know, circumflex doing both. Yeah. Now, it's good you're intellectually curious Yeah. about how those work. I want you to hold off on satisfying yourself intellectually, and I want you to think of accents. And you mentioned the rough breathing as well. Right, rough breathing. Technically, that's not an accent. Technically, that's more like a letter. Right, it's more like an H. So, um what I want you to envision about accents is everything that I'm about to tell you right now.

Yes, they are musical, but we don't care. You must learn stress. You must learn stress. Okay? So, all I want you to do is on the accent, I want you to spend twice the time that you would on that accent than you do on the other syllables. Yeah. Okay? That's all That's all I want you to do. Um fantastic.

Fantastic. Let's tune you up, shall we? Shall we take you to the Shall we take you to the fields of glory? Here we go. Go to page 11 and just let me hear kind of like a you know, I'm just sounding you out. Okay. And I want you to go over Oh, go to the first column on

You froze. I know.

Did I lose you? You're You're You're back. Yeah, okay. Uh first column on what? >> What? Mhm, go ahead.

I'm sorry. You said the first column where? Oh, on page 11, please. And Okay. Roman numeral number one. All right. anthropos

Dramata biblion

Barbaros Okay, stop there. You missed one accent. One accent. It was number four, biblion. >> biblion, yeah. Right? Now, >> Yeah. Right? That's all I'm saying is you just We're just spending the extra stress on that. Okay. So, uh this is all I want you to worry about accents right now. We can talk about the ultima, the penultima, and the antepenultima. And we will. But as you are starting, I only want you to be concerned about replicating pronunciation using these accents.

And our system of speaking that we are not using tone. Okay? Fantastic. Fantastic. Keep going with 6 7 8 9 10.

All right. graphike

Hekt etor

Hexagon uh >> [groaning] >> hex agonon Sorry. [snorts] Good. Good. Put Put a little bit of that rough breathing on number 10. >> Yeah. >> [clears throat] >> All right, hexagon. >> hexagon Oh, hexagon, yeah. Yeah. Now, notice this, Madalena. Notice this. You've got an omega there. Yeah. >> Right? Followed by an omicron. So, that omega is technically O, and that omicron is technically A. Ah, okay. hexagonon

Yeah, but when they're right next to each other like that, it's going to attract into that deeper vowel. Right? So, you're just going to hear That's what you're going to hear, but I want you to notice that those are two different vowel lengths.

Yes. >> And I want you to make sure Go back. Flip back to page Oh, God. Page three, please. Page three. We do a lot of flipping. And I want you to look at the long vowels versus the short vowels. See at the very bottom of the page? You've got that chart. And on the left side, you've got the long vowels, right side, short vowels. All right? Notice that the alpha has both a long and a short form. Notice that the eta's short form is the epsilon. The iota's short form is itself, right? The omega's short form is the omicron.

Right? And you've got a long and a short upsilon. Right? So, a lot of there's going to be a lot of musical stuff that we're missing, but what we can do is synchronize our pronunciations.

Right? So, again, focusing on those accents, go back to page 11 and start with the do 15 through 20, please. Okay.

Theos Historia

Hippocrates

Kinema There you go. There you go. Notice you hit the accents. What you're doing is you're focusing on the accents, Madalena, and when you when you do, it takes your mind off the letters. Yeah. Right? It takes your mind off the letters. It does. It forces you to see them in kind of a subconscious way. Yeah. So, fantastic. You hit all of those accents. Look at number Look at number 15. Notice that eta on the front has that rough breathing. Yeah.

Yeah, Heracles. And you were very good to put the accent exactly where it goes, Heracles. Right? Very nice. Beautiful. Beautiful words, right? Yeah. >> Okay. Now, okay. Um I hear your pronunciation. Now, I want to apply something that you're going to be doing for half the time that we are not together and Okay. >> So, go to the vocabulary on page 31. This is unit one vocabulary.

Now, I want to hear I want to hear you say each word Okay. >> you to give me the entire lexical entry, which is the nominative followed by the genitive followed by the article for the nouns. Okay? >> Okay. For the for the verbs that we'll get in the next couple of units, it'll be multiple. You'll get multiple parts, all of the principal parts, right? Okay. >> Fantastic. But, that's what we've got. So, if you can read the whole lexical entry Okay. >> I'm going to quickly I'm going to quickly correct your pronunciation to what mine is, okay? Go ahead.

Okay. So, starting with agora right? That's good. And then you want me to do the um the endings for agora? No, no, no, no, no. Just look at the Look at the entry and so you'll do like this, you'll say agora agoras. Okay. agoras. Okay. Yeah. Yeah.

Yeah. Okay. Good. Meaning marketplace. Yeah.

Adelphos ho Good. Anthropos anthropou anthropou ho

Meaning man. Biblion bibliou to

Doron doru to Good, good. Eis

Um ek ex en

Ergon ergou to theos theou

Ho or he Okay, one correction on that one. Okay. Look at your epsilons. You're You're dropping your epsilons into your eta. Remember that epsilon is just a shortened eta, so it's e Is it eta? and the eta is a. A, yeah. >> Epsilon A. So, Yeah. that os that >> Okay. >> os with the accent with the omicron, right? Okay. >> os Good, good. Cool. Keep going. >> Kai

Logos logou ho

Mache maches uh yeah. Excellent key. Excellent key on that. Look, you didn't say mache. A lot of you say mache, right? No, it's mache with a key. Good. Keep going.

Nesos nesou

Now, I want you to notice on that one I want you to notice like Polynesian, many islands, right? Yeah. >> Um that nesos is with the accent it changes. It changes from a circumflex to an eta. And how does the How does the With the How do they sound different? Yeah, right. How do they sound different? One is a pitch up, pitch down, that's circumflex. And the other one is just one up, boom, that's it. Okay. >> Wait a minute. What? So, you're going to pitch up versus right? So, we don't when

You are translating as classical philologist, Mhm. >> right? You are not concerned about the pitch. They cut the music out of the language in order to get us to be able to just do the basics, right? Yeah. >> Fantastic. But, technically, it's yeah, it's different changes in pitch. Okay. We only know that because of what the grammarian said and what we can gather. So, yeah. Some Yeah. Cool. Fantastic. Now, um your pronunciation is great. Go to the bottom to the last uh two Go to the word psyche.

Psyche psyche. Good. And the psyches Good, the soul. Now, give me the one above that one. What is that? hora hora or is it hora? Or is it hora? >> hora Put that accent on the in its it's right place. hora >> Okay. hora Good. horas, correct? horas, yes.

Fantastic. Okay. Now, all that was was the tuning up. And I You have already have command of the letters. Right? So, you are one step ahead here at the beginning of the course. So, you're giving us one little extra push. Right now, for a student who had had no exposure, I would be drilling letters,

Letters, letters, letters, and pronunciation. But, you and I are going to go forward because you have already been through it. I want you now to go to unit one. Uh and flip back one one page from unit one. I'm sorry.

Go to the end of the introduction, which is page 15. Okay. >> Okay. So, you go and put it up, Shree. Put up page 15. Right? Madalena, I want you to see here on page 15 they give us a pronunciation exercise that is just the end of It's the final paragraph as you can see of Plato's Republic. Yeah. Okay. Now, before we jump in to the real depth, I want you It's at the bottom of the page, Shree. Before we share Go ahead and share that.

Before you look at this, I want you to realize what I'm going to do is I'm just going to tell you how to read the Greek. Okay? I'm >> Okay. These are There are some basic rules here that you need to see in the beginning from this paragraph. First of all, notice that the first letter is capitalized. The paragraph begins with a capitalized letter. Notice that there are spacings between the first and the second words. Right? None of that is natural to the Greek. All of that is convention.

Okay? There is no punctuation and there are no spacing between letters between words. So, what kind of problem does that bring up? It brings up an aspect of what you're going to see in the Greek that is not there obviously to everybody. And that is when they run words together, they're running words in order to make the music melodious.

So, it doesn't sound cacophonic. They will cut off the ends of the words, they'll join words together. Ah God, it's of course, the language that is all sandwiched together like that is going to be spoken or sung fluidly. It doesn't need

Commas and periods and question marks or semicolons, okay? It doesn't need it. What you're What you are looking at here, bring it up again, Chewie. What you're looking at here is a text that has been edited. It has been edited by people following who put in commas and all these accents. The original text don't have any freaking accents. Okay? So sorry, this is They don't. And so what you're looking at here is a highly tailored version of a Greek text.

Okay. >> But this is the version that you and I are going to be working on together. This is what will be our template for setting Greek in your brain. So I want you to notice a few things about it. Notice that we do capitalize just like in English at the beginning of the sentence. We're going to capitalize We're going to capitalize Look at the fourth word in Glaucon. Glaucon. Glaucon. I notice the gamma on the front is capitalized. Right? You know why? Because it's a personal name. It's a dude named Glaucon.

Right? Okay, fantastic. If we keep going, you'll notice that all the accents are there and the sentences are divided really nicely. Here's another comma. That's gorgeous. Another comma so we know that this is a little phrase here. Right? And we keep following it, we'll eventually get to the end of the sentence with a period. You're going to Right? So you can rely on these conventions. You can rely on the uh our modern conventions

Punctuation and etc. That's fine. But I want you to know right from the beginning that's already we're stepping outside the Greek way. Now, why do I Why is this important? Because sometimes you will notice that there is a verb for example that has a prefix. If you go to the bottom line, dialemi.

Who I'm sorry. Dialemi. That has its own prefix. That could be separated from that verb. And they do this. And if you put something between it and its verb, it'll influence what comes between it. So there's really something going on here with the language from the very beginning that we don't have a we don't have an appreciation for because we're working with these edited texts, right? Again, it's the last paragraph of the Republic and Plato is telling us, you know, live a good life, goddammit. Right? Speak good people.

You know, you're going to get washed out in that Lethean whatnot. So you know, make sure your thousand-year journey is worth it. Okay. I just want you to see that. I want you to have that perspective that these are all edited texts and I want you to take comfort in their editing, but I want you to realize that these are things that other people have done to the text. Right? They aren't really part of the the original, okay? Mhm. Okay, fantastic. Fantastic. Now,

Here's what I want you to do. There's a cheat here in the beginning for these first three or four units, there's a cheat that nobody ever pays attention to you all too. I want you to go there. It's before the acknowledgements. Look, we're doing it backwards just like the devil would be. I don't um it's VI, right? Six. Page six, right there, the abbreviations. I skipped page up there. Page six. I want you to notice that this is kind of a cheat of all the different

Grammatical terms that you're going to have to know. Okay? Do you see that? The abbreviations on page Where we at? five. Right? You're at five. Yes, no, it is cuz Right? Because seven is the following. Fantastic. Here's your abbreviations. People don't pay attention to this, but it's a cheat. Look, here are the parts of speech that you're going to have to know. The big ones, here's adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions. Isn't that nice? It gives you those right up front. Here are the cases for nouns. Now, the next

Three, case, gender, and number, those are how you classify, divide up, dissect, and identify nouns. You've got case, gender, and number. What kind of cases? Nominative, genitive, accusative, vocative. Look, they're all there. Right? What kind of genders do you have? Masculine, feminine, and neuter. Numbers? Singular, plural. Right? And there is this dual, but it rarely exists. You know what I mean? It's not It's not common enough for us to memorize it in a paradigm. But if you'll notice, they're all the noun terms that you need. There's all the terminology,

Right? Look on the right, you're going to see the verbs. You got mood, voice, right? Tense. Isn't that nice? Tense. Uh Nice. Love it. Okay. >> So I just want you to notice those are the kinds of terms that Those are the kinds of terms that we're going to swim in in the first, second, and third

[clears throat]

Third unit. Okay? Now, Mhm. I want to go ahead. We've got This is perfect. 30 We're 30 minutes in and we've been through the introduction the introduction. I want to go to unit one. And what I do >> Okay. What I'm going to do is what the people at Berkeley did. I'm going to start off by saying you and I have both looked at number one, unit number one. Yeah. The overview of unit one is nouns. Nouns is what we're concerned with. Right? So they've got that gender and that number.

It's Right? That is all. What kind We have three pieces of nouns in ancient Greek. We have first, second, and third declensions. Right? First, second, and third declensions. You decline nouns, conjugate verbs. So we have three declensions. And the two biggies, the first and the second, right? They're very They follow beautiful patterns, very easy to memorize these things. The third, not so much. The third is like the hot hodgepodge of everything else that got thrown in there. Okay. >> Everything else that got thrown in there. Okay, go ahead, take it down. So

I want you just to go to the vocabulary section right now Okay. on page 31. Go to the vocab section. Uh and I want you to look at the first word there, agora agoras.

A >> Mhm. marketplace. Right? >> Yeah. Now, how do we know what family that is and all that kind of stuff? I want you to turn to the cheat. The cheat is the article. The article must be the same case, number, and gender. It must be the same case, number, and gender as the noun that it's with. They must >> They call that agreement. They must agree in their case, number, and gender. So when you look at that hey there, you see the nominative, feminine, singular. That's what they give you for the article cuz they gave you the nominative.

Right? Agora. That's telling you, "Hey, this is a first declension a feminine noun. >> [clears throat] >> Fantastic. Look at that second one. What declension is that second one? Uh masculine. Yeah. Right? So it's second. Good. Second declension. How about the third one? anthropos. Um that would also be second declension cuz it's ho, right? Mhm. And what Do you know what gender that is just from doing a little bit of reading? Um

Uh mas- masculine. Masculine, exactly. >> Okay. Now, what's the key to this is what is in the chart on page 28. What is Yeah. the chart on page 28. You don't have But this is what you're using in your brain. I know because you've memorized this.

Yeah. You You've memorized this. And so you know. Now, Madalena, I want you to memorize these by gender. >> Yeah. by gender. So ho, tou, toi, ton. is the masculine singular. Ho, tou, toi, ton. The masculine plural, hoi, ton, tois, tous. Now,

We're going to memorize by gender for all of the nouns that we do. Anything that's nominal or adjective, we're going to memorize them in that way. Okay. >> Look across. So I just want to let you know that. Feminine, look at the paradigm. A, case, tai, Can you see this the iota subscript in the dative? I want to hear just a little bit of that. A A, case, tai, tai. Good. Beautiful. How about the beautiful plural? Ai, ai, ton, tais, tas.

Ai. Notice it's a rough breathing in the nominative plural. Ai. >> Okay. Okay. Ton. Tais. Tas. Almost. Look at the dative. Alpha The alpha iota makes a diphthong. It's pronounced I. Okay. Nice. Good. >> Ta- tais, okay. Cool. I tone tais toss. Look at the neuters. All to toy tall. Now, notice the nominative and the accusative are the same. Tall. All right. Look at the plurals. Ha ton

Wait, what is this? Aits or tois? No, it's tois. It looks like the not It looks like the masculine, right? Ah. Good. >> Yeah. So, what I want you to do is I want you to keep that list in your mind in order to do everything that we're going to do in this chapter. Okay, so go back to the beginning of the of chap- unit one. And I just want you to look. Notice, it talks about gender, number, and case. Gender, number, and case. You feel good

With a world that is masculine, feminine, and neuter. Yeah. Right? You've got no problem with that. Okay? You don't care why the word logos is the gender it is. You don't care. Right? You don't care why physis not the same in gender as logos. You don't care. All right? I just want you to be able to identify what is masculine, feminine, and neuter. It's very sterile. It's very philological. Okay? We don't We don't care. We can have a debate whether it's natural gender or not. It

Doesn't matter. Number Number two. Number two, the number singular and plural. That's It's It's really that simple. And then we get to cases. Cases. You're good with numbers. How about cases? Nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and the vocative added at the end. You read about cases. Do you feel Can you just tell me What are What is it like What How do you use the nominative case? Um it's the subject of a sentence. So Okay, that's all you have to say. Stop right there. Perfect. Genitive. How

About that? Go to the page page 19 and look at the box and see the see the cases there in the box at the bottom. Anything, Madalena, that's in a box Okay. >> they want they want you to focus on. So, nominative, genitive, dative, accusative. Madalena, nominative

Is the command all. Right? Yeah. It is the case that really commands the sentence. The two The numbers two, three, and four here, the genitive, dative, and accusative, those are oblique cases. Those are oblique cases. All right? They can act as predicates and stuff like that, right? Oh my god. What is that nominative predic- Oh, forget about it, man. All you need to know here is from this chart that the nominative is the subject, the genitive is really coming out of something or away from something. The dative is two

Four, right? Or with, right? They have in and out two there. You got to kind of a locative kind to kind of deal with it, you know? And then accusative, the direct object, right? The dog going to pet or the ball that you're going to kick or the food that you're going to eat. Those are all the direct objects. Okay. Do you understand how cases work? Yes. I think.

Fantastic. Yes, you think. Exactly, right? Fantastic. So, we can go forward. We can go forward then and look at form because in our Greek studies, morphology is everything, right? What are the forms of the word and how are they What are they going to look like? So, I want you to jump to page 21. Okay. >> Look at these first declension nouns and I want you to look at the nominative singular and see at the bottom of page 21 that it is an eta. See that eta? We're going to go look for a nominative

We're going to go look for a nominative singular back in Plato. Flip back, right? A lot of flipping. A lot of flipping. It's on page 15. Okay. I want you to scan this. I want I want you to scan this for something that looks The passage of Plato at the bottom true. The passage You want you to scan it and look for something that ends in eta. Look for anything. Do we have anything >> Is sosei the first one? Is sosei that ends in eta there? Uh that's a verb. I

Don't Yeah. That one doesn't count. Okay? So, let's see if See if we can find it here. Is there a noun Is there a noun somewhere in there Mhm. that ends in eta? Um Anyone?

You're scanning, right? You're doing what I'm >> I'm scanning, yeah. >> [laughter] >> Why am I doing this to you? Because I'm getting you intensively to consider the letters. All right? That's all you're doing. Scan. Do you see anything? Um

I said um Well All right. Am I specifically looking for nominative? Yeah, we're just looking for any word that ends in eta. And we're We want to see if that's a noun or not, right? Okay, so look, I don't see any. I don't see that end in eta. Okay. Go back to your first declension endings on page 21 and look at the genitive. How about an eta sigma? How about an eta sigma? Aits is our genitive ending. Do you see any words in here? On page 15, do you see any of them that have an eta sigma?

You're scanning, right? >> Um nomizontes. Is [clears throat] that a verb or is that a noun? >> That's an epsilon. That's an epsilon sigma, right? >> Oh, yeah. You're right, yeah. Need an eta sigma. Yeah. I don't think there's any in here again. No. There's several accusative.

Look at line nine. Look at line nine. There's an eta sigma. But that's the type of word we haven't learned yet. So, I don't know. I don't want to go there. Is there any noun here? No. How about the accusative? The accusative will jump over the dative. And the accusative is an eta nu. Can you find on page 15 anything that ends in an eta nu? Psyche.

Okay, good. Line three and >> Right? Okay, look there. Stop there. I just want you to be able to see this, right? Look at its definite article. It agrees with it in case, number, and gender, right? Tain. Tais tain.

Right? Now we have an accusative there. Okay, so do you see that? There's I've got one. Do we have any more? Any other nouns? Um

In line five, uh dunaton. Look at dunaton. Is this thing a noun or is it an adjective? Oh my god, we haven't even gotten that far, right? But what point What point does this show? It shows that your nouns and your adjectives are going to have the same endings, people.

All right? The plurality of this, Madalena. Love it. Fantastic. Um Um Go to Go to line

10. Very bottom. And look at Go to line 10. Very bottom. And look at the fourth word in. the fourth word in. Horeiai. Horeiai. See that little iota underneath? Mhm. The iota subscript at the end. Yeah. >> Oh my god. Is that the iota that we're going to be seeing if you turn back to the uh the page of your paradigms of the nouns, right? The first declension. Is that the kind of iota we're going to be seeing? Of the data. The dative, I mean. Yeah,

The dative case. Exactly. >> Yeah. You see that? And all that's happened is that vowel has changed. It's not an eta anymore up there. Right? It's an alpha. It's an alpha. So, go to page 21 with your endings and look at the dative and notice that you can have an eta iota and you can have an alpha iota. Those are both dative, feminine, singular endings. Isn't that nice? Ah, god. Now, remember, most of these nouns are in the are are feminine, right? Okay, you get some goofiness because of backwards and forwards. But remember, first declension

Feminine, second declension masculine and neuter. Love it. Okay? And I want you to pick apart one more time. I want you to go down on page 15. I want you to go to Bum bum line

Eight. And I want you to look at the first two words on line eight. Tois. The ois. And I want you I want you to tell me what are the what is the case number and gender of that thing? Twice the ois. Remember it's a it's an article. >> tois the ois Oh, yes. No. Now, if you want to cheat, you can go just look up the article. All right? Okay. Yeah. Yeah. Which

God, that's why I have to memorize them. Now, what you should do, if you don't have it memorized, you should. Go to page 28. Is it it's masculine. Very good. Uh or neuter. Yeah. Right. What Now, how are you going to determine that, people? Yeah. How are you going to determine that? Cuz you know that that os is masculine. Right? You know and that's why they put ho, but they also put Go back to your vocabulary and look what these devils did. We have rules or not in this world. All

Right? Look at Look at page 31 and look at the entry for the os. the os And notice that it says the os the u ho >> [clears throat] >> or he. Wait a minute. I thought you said, you know, these are feminine, these are mas Yeah, okay. You can put a feminine article with a masculine noun. Like the os and it means just a feminine of the masculine thing that the word defines. Isn't that nice? Nice. >> Now, and now you think you understand your

World. You think, oh, well, that means he the os is a goddess, right? A female god. Yes. But no. Because the word, the oldest word that we have in Greek for goddess is the os. And they use a masculine um uh uh article, definite article with it. So, wait a minute. How is that happening? Like, what are they doing with their gender? Do you see why I told you I don't want you to get mixed up in in the weeds with the accents and what is different and what makes gender,

Right? Those types of questions are not important because at different periods of Greek, you're going to see different things. Right? And you're going to notice that, oh, wait a minute, that goddess thing where you change the article, that's the way it is. Right? Oh, God, I love it. Okay, let's go.

Then, okay, we're at 43 minutes. I take you to 50 because you can't take more than 50 minutes, okay? Go to the masculine Okay. >> and neuter neuters of the second declension on page 24

Is where you're going to see their their um endings. Right? Yeah. Morphology. We've got to memorize these forms. What are they? os

All right, good. And don't throw the vocatives in there. Just do the mas Just do the nominative, genitive, and accusative. Yeah. >> Okay, you're not going to see enough vocatives. Here, you want to see you want look at the vocative here on page on this page. Um 24. Look at the vocative for the masculine. And it's just an epsilon, right? Right? Oh, on on page Right? With that epsilon on the ending. How many times are you going to see that? I can go weeks without seeing vocatives,

Dog. Right? Reading everything. I can go weeks without seeing vocatives. So, it's good for you to know that's what it is, but please don't memorize it. When you're memorizing these things, I want you to memorize them top to bottom, nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, os u oi on. Right? Without

Without the vocative. Good. And the plurals. Notice how they're putting the vocative plural with its nominative because they have the same form. >> That's nice. oi on ois Good.

Good. Good. So, do you Do you feel kind of comfortable with the different declensions and how they look? Yeah. I do. All right. So, take a step back and say, okay, what did we deal with? What did we deal with? You're You're You're advanced and you've already come through the pronunciation, so I don't have to spend a bunch of time with you on pronunciation.

That's number one. Number two, we just went through the basic mechanics of unit one. Okay? Because you have read it already and because you come into this already prepped, you're not you're not needing as much hand-holding. Mhm. In the future, once we get past the maybe the third, fourth fifth unit, um there will be much more hand-holding necessary. Don't think that that's a bad thing. No, okay. Don't think that it's a bad thing. But I don't think I need to read with you what gender is. I can sense from where

You are. This is the real advantage of a tutorial over a classroom full of people, right? Because now I got to stop with you and I got to start with George. And I got to go through all of George's problems, right? Work with George. Instead, George needs to work with himself having seen how you and I work together. And if he doesn't know If George doesn't know alpha, beta, gamma, delta, if he doesn't know all the letters, he's absolutely [\\h__\\h] Right? So, if he knows If George is sitting there, he

Will know, oh, I got to get these letters down, right? So, if we ever do this on YouTube, it has to be done knowing that that person has nothing. They have to be read They have to be brought, okay? I'm not going to waste your time. Because what I'm doing is I'm developing a technique, not um uh not the um

Start to finish. Right? Technique is what's important. The articles. You're going to notice that there are some things in each chapter that you must memorize their forms, their morphology. All of this work will break down into morphology,

Syntax, vocabulary. Okay. >> understand the syntax of how those endings change what that word is doing in a sentence. If you understand that and you can recognize the morphological changes that the endings alter. All right? You can take your vocabulary and commit it to me memory. All right? Okay? You can look at those nouns and you can understand them. One of the things that you're going to need to do is memorize. Memorize. So, close your book. I want to show you something.

One? No, keep me up. I want you to close your book. Okay. >> [clears throat] >> But they're all nice. Right? And I want to do something for you. I'm going to show you the difference between hearing and reading.

Uh work? oikia What does the word oikia mean? oikia Um

I don't remember. Good. techne Good. techne What does techne techne Um uh

The sand, maybe? Okay. hold off hold off hold off Um I I have not memorized my vocab yet. Excellent. Excellent. Open up your book now to page 31.

And when I ask you to look at one of the words and tell me what it means, you're going to have an advantage when you can see it. All All I want you to do is peruse that list now. Look up and down that list and recognize that you're adding an extra sense to this when you're translating. You're actually reading and translating. This will be This will be your native position with the language. You will not be a hearer of the language. Mhm. You'll be a reader of the language.

Yes. >> You will always stick to that extra visual experience. You will never be bound by the auditory alone. And so, that's why the trick that your relationship with the text that you're translating is important. And if you don't understand, Madalena, what you are to that text. Mhm. Right? You are the eyes on that text. You are the translator. You are the critic of the play. Right? Yeah. So, you have to recognize that's who That's who and what you are. Okay. So, this is perfect. Our 50 minutes is up.

Now, um here's what I need you to do for the next hour. Okay. Whatever in whatever way you deem best for your studies, I want to be able to come back from the hour after another 50 minutes. I want to be able to come back and I want to be able to quiz you on the vocabulary. I want you to know it all. I promise you'll get to look at it. All of this will be not me just saying things to you. It'll be you get to look at it. I want you to know

The vocabulary and I want you to be able to translate as many of the exercises as you can. As many as you get through. If that means you won't get through three of them, then we do three of Right? Right? So, be working towards that. Give yourself a break and over the next hour because I'm asking you to do work. Make sure and if you do a couple of sentences and you're starting to get woozy, you know what I mean? Stop. Take a break. Right? Go over

And do something. This What am I doing, Madalena, so you know it? In the intensive course, they have the instructors bombard you with the information, number one, and then check to see that you're getting it and that you're able to use it. Right? And then they stop. They give you a break where then you work either by yourself or with other students.

You say we do our work together. It It didn't matter to them, right? It was whoever was in the class, right? So, that's what I want for the next hour. I want to be able to come back and do the exercises from unit one with you having a 100% comprehension of what's going on. That's the goal. Okay? Fantastic. We'll get a vocab quiz and we'll get exercises in in, you know, 1 hour from now. Okay?

Okay, and I will put my cell phone. Can I You know what I'm going to tell in case

I will come back in 30 minutes for questions. Okay?

Yeah. I'll answer it.

Okay. Is she going to be back shortly? I believe so. >> Yeah, give me a second. Okay.

I'll wait for I'll I'll wait for her. Madalena, fantastic. How are you doing and what are you doing?

Uh I'm I memorized the vocab. Fantastic. Now you're going to do some sentences? Sure. Yeah. Fantastic. Okay. I'll have a little surprise for you to begin and keep working on it at least another 20 minutes. Get as many of those sentences as you can get done. Okay. >> And we'll go from there. Fantastic. Fantastic.

Can you guys hear me? Yeah. Yeah. Now I can.

>> I was saying that >> Yeah, if you want to talk Madalena, >> If you want to talk like

>> Fantastic. I think it's working now. All right. >> All right. Madalena, how are you? Good. Okay. I want you I told you didn't tell you to do this, but I want you to do it now. Okay. This is a surprise. It's a pleasant surprise. Turn to page 109.

Turn to page 109. And you say, "Wait a minute, that's 100 pages into it, right?" Yeah. Well, good. I want to show you that you're going to be the lessons that you're learning now are going to be things that will carry you through. So, if you're on page 109, go down to number 217.

It's the last example in Greek. These are very short sayings, gnomic sayings of Menander. This is actual Greek. Okay. And I I just want you to see some actual Greek. Could you read to me line 217 in Greek? Just pronounce the Greek. Sure.

Perfect. Okay. Perfect. That's the the third word in, para kairos. I just want you to notice that it's made up of two components. It's made up of a prefix, para, and its root, kairos.

Kairos Kairos is your opportunity. Right? Yeah. Hippocrates talks about it as the you know, your one point in the disease that you can really treat. That's your kairos. So, what is the para kairos? That's something that's kind of off the mark. It's off of the kairos, and you'll see in the definitions below that on page 109, the definitions below, I just want you to look up. See the which one is para kairos there? Says ill ill-timed. Yeah, ill-timed. That's a nice Victorian way of saying it's off of the precise moment where it works.

Okay? Now, think about that. All of that is packed into that one little word, right? So, what does this say? Hegod para kairos hedone. Now, I want you to notice. Look at that definite article, he there at the front. Notice the four words in is the noun Yeah. that is it that it agrees with. Hedone [clears throat] is all the way down there. Notice that's that nominative

Singular feminine, right? He hedone. If you go down on your If you look down on the gloss here on the in the little dictionary, you can see hedone. Hedones he means pleasure. We get hedonistic from that, of course, all that kind of stuff. But,

A pleasure that is not kairos, that is not timed well, dicte gives birth to blaben. Gives birth to an injury. Yeah. So, you can see there's two levels. One of the reasons I wanted you to see this is there's two levels. There's translating word for word and trying to put together. And then there's another level of making sense. Right? Translating it so that it makes perfect sense. That's what where the art is. Okay, is ill-timed pleasure

Is ill Now, what do you think intellectually? Is ill-timed pleasure an

You're back. >> And you're back. Come on.

Oh, I can't hear you. We can't hear you.

Oh, I hear you. For a second.

How many people are we? Classic. Okay, maybe that'll work. >> Okay. We hear you. [snorts] We'll probably have to do that every once in a while. Madalena, now you just looked You just >> [clears throat] >> just looked at some real Greek. So, tell me, what is your impression of Menander's philosophy?

You know, what is he Ill-timed pleasure is going to cause you injury. What Any thoughts? Um

Don't harm yourself through bad timing. Yeah. Yeah, something like that. I think that's a good I think that's a good take on it. Okay? So, what we're really going for is that meaning, that true meaning. Okay, now I want you to jump back to Plato before we do your exercises. I want you to jump back to Plato on page 15. And I want you to know that this is the beginning of the end, right? It's the beginning of the end of the Republic. Uh-huh. And in line one, in line one,

I'm going to read a little bit. Kai houtos o Glaukon muthos esothe kai hemas an sotheien. That's the first line there. I just want you to be able to hear it. Mhm. Look at Look at the second line now. An pethometha

Autoi kai ton tes Lethes potamon eu

All right. And it goes on. The third line is diabesometha kai ten en psyche oudamos mianthesometha. I want you to be hearing hearing these sounds. So, I want your eyes follow those first three lines again. I'm going to read them like I want you pronouncing them. Okay. houtos o Glaukon muthos esothe

Kai hemas an sotheien. An pethometha autoi kai ton tes Lethes potamon eu diabesometha kai ten psyche oudamos mianthesometha.

Fantastic. Now, I want you to look at a couple of things. I want you to look at that second line. Mhm. The second word in that line is pethometha. Notice there is an omega under the accent. Now, jump down to the third line and look at the last word on it, mianthesometha.

Notice it's an omicron there. It's an omicron there. I just want you to be noticing as the vowels change, they tweak the words. All that's doing is telling you what kind of different conditions we're putting on the word. Okay. This is verbs and whatnot. So, fantastic. Fantastic. Now, wait a minute. Look at the first line there. Mhm. Look at the Look at the phrase o Glaukon. All right? There is one of your vocatives, right? O Glaukon. So, the guy's name is Glaukon. You say, "Wait a minute, that doesn't end in an epsilon,

Right?" Okay, I told you. Don't worry about that. All right? There's a marker for that. Right on the front of that that omega is going to tell you, "Hey, I'm in I'm in the vocative case." >> Yeah. So, I don't want you to worry about the word. Mhm. Right. All right? Notice all we're doing now is we're taking apart words. Look at the second line. Look at the third to last word. It's Lethes. Remember how I said, "Find us" Do we see any words near that or in the first declension, those feminines ending

In an eta something? All right? Here's one, eta sigma. Eta sigma, Lethes, right? From Lethe which is the river Lethe, that river of forgetfulness. What is he saying? You've got to go beyond that river of forgetfulness, right? Not stain

Not stain our soul. Wait, what? Not stain our Look at that last word in the third line. Mianthesometha.

Oh God, what a beautiful verb. Let me show you Chewie, can we bring up the LSJ? I want miaino to see a definition here. The LSJ. LSJ. Hang on.

Fantastic. Madalena, I'm going to go ahead and bring that page up for her. I want her to be able to see it.

I'm going to have the LSJ identify Can you see the LSJ page with miaino at the top? It's loading. >> [clears throat] >> It's loading. My satellite.

It doesn't look like it's going to load. Oh, there it is. There it is. Okay. Fantastic. Mianthesometha. Notice how the entire word is below the definition. And then just skip to the right and you see it says it's a verb. First plural future passive, future indicative passive. Isn't that nice? Chewie, tell us what this word means. Go ahead and click on it. I know it'll take a while, but you're going to see stain. You're going to see stain. Moral pollution, right? S- along with the stain, you're going to see dying.

Dying. Wait a minute. I Dying is totally different, right? Dying isn't some kind of stain. No, it is. And there is no moral wall here to distinguish between the stain and the die. Look at down here at the bottom. Ritual defilement in funeral rites.

Isn't that interesting? Ritual defilement. What the hell is ritual defilement? To dishonor a woman. What are these people thinking? They're thinking same concept of dying is the same concept as defiling is the same concept as engaging into illicit intercourse with a woman. That's defilement. All right? Miaino. Don't defile yourself. What? You have to realize that when Plato was writing on page Go ahead back to page 15. When Plato was writing on page 15 about defilement, when he's writing about life in the cycle Glaukon of what's going on.

And the river Lethe, what? These concepts are absolutely 100% dependent upon the language. It's the language which is driving it. Language is as an operating system that's driving these images. And Plato is just harvesting these images. Okay. Let's go to your vocabulary quiz, shall we? Turn to the Turn Turn to the vocabulary on page

31, Please. Cover up the English on the right-hand side with your hand or your arm arm or, you know, uh giant flashlight or I don't know, whatever you want. And And look at the Starting at the bottom, after the interjection o,

Word psyche, what does that mean? Look at it. I want you to visualize You've got to visualize it, right? Because we're translators. Look at it, say it, and then tell me what it means. Psyche. Okay. Soul.

Oh, we get kicked out. The satellite way out, so it's not Yeah, satellite's all the way out. Your video was off, but we can hear you. Yeah. We can hear >> Fantastic. Fantastic. Psyche.

What is a psyche? Soul. Uh-huh. And hora? Hora. What's hora? Uh hora, is that um Uh >> [snorts] >> Uh Is that land, country, or is it gift? Yeah. Yeah, thank you. But it is like the countryside, right? It can be a parcel of land. Right? It can be the countryside as opposed to the city. Good. Above that is techne. What is a techne? Uh craft, skill. Craft or skill. You got two verbs above that, pempe. What does pempe mean? S- uh send. Right. You can add when you want to use

When you want to define a verb, you can put it in its infinitive form. To send. To send. Good. Paideue means what? To teach or educate. To teach. Beautiful. Homer, you know Homer. Oikia. What is an oikia? House. It's a house, yeah. And it's not always There's been a bunch of different words for house, and oikia is kind of like the the household.

Household. Household. It's how the house functions. It's how everything runs. We get economics from it, right? Mhm. Right? Good. Hodos. What is a hodos? Tell me. Road. Yeah, when you say road, what do you mean? Uh pathway, perhaps? Yeah. Yeah, a pathway or just a way. Just a way. Think of a way to do something, right? Love it.

Okay. Um ho he ta is your definite article. You're just going to translate that as the. How about above that, two above that is mache. What is a mache? Battle. Battle. Good. And a nice sauce? Island. Good Peloponnesian anyway

>> [Clears throat] >> what logos? Word. Story. Yeah word story we can start with that now it's really an reckoning and accounting. I am. Polynesian is Polynesian is I would not Peloponnesian anyway going Theos Theos what is the Theos? God masculine God. What is a God to you?

Don't know what is a God to me at this point. A deity perhaps. Yeah [snorts] well how would you define your deity?

By their masculine or feminine. Okay okay so is this in what the hell can we get the Greek to help us any more than that? I want you to look at as soon as you get this entry let me know when you can see Theos at the top. >> Okay oh yeah. Okay notice in Boeotian it's Theos.

Laconian is Seos look at that they changed the same word. >> see it yet but >> You can't see it okay. >> Not yet but I hear you. Let me know when you get it cuz I want you to be able to see it. Cool man it it says failed. Oh it does. You could send a picture maybe into the chat.

Do you want to do that or you just see that send a picture in the chat. Fantastic you're have show me to that good okay. Should we sending a picture picture? >> yeah. Fantastic look at that so you've got the word in Greek in or Attic you know Theos is what we're going to see mostly. Yeah. But you look at a Boeotian Boeotian it's Theos. In Laconian it's Seos.

Right? Yeah. What about that cretan dialect Theos like they retain the theta but they also use an iota right okay right look at the Dorian uses Theus Theus right and it sounds suspiciously like Zeus. Yeah yeah. Like Zeus right

It's all their word for God now what's funny is if you read if you read through this you get a bunch of examples of what God is but you don't really get an a a definition of God right? Yeah. Ah so what are you doing

It's difficult look at look at number B Theoi at the bottom or letter B. Mhm. Ah we're talking about Andres in the Greek Andres their men people people are what Pater Andron Te Theonte

Right all these people what are you going to learn you got to think about the father of gods and men. Yeah. Right so what is it doing here it's just telling you look Theoi the word for gods is often opposed to the people right it's gods and people gods are not people people are not gods. They're the that if you'll notice that that is the distinction of a God that is the defining characteristic of a God. Right and how can we do that how can we go back to the main page how can we do that when we

Tell you when you read from now on what a word means you're going to see all of these definitions in the in the book and they're going to tell you this is what the word means you have to realize they are determining what that word means based upon other appearances right?

So we should have a we should have a really good take on what a Theos is we should have a really good take from all the times that we've seen it. So you're going to be learning vocabulary not based on some absolute truth that some translator said this equals this no you're going to be translating based upon your exposure to the word. When you see this word a hundred more times when you see it a thousand more times you can have a really strong understanding

Of what a Theos actually is and it's going to surprise you things you thought there were one-on-one correspondences with there are not let me give you one example using Theos. Theos can be a Daimon.

Well what's that well a Daimon is kind of a God if you're going to try to translate it demon you're going to mess yourself up because modern demon is not equivalent to a Greek Daimon. Zeus can be a Daimon.

So what is what is a Daimon then a Daimon is a reference to the power behind the God. It is technically that capacity to do those things Eros divine Daimon Eros is that power that erotic power so all it is is referring to a specific side of the divinity it's not the same as just a Theos a Daimon. Mhm. You know it's it's essence of power it's what it does it's the thing that possesses you that Daimon all right so realize as you're learning these words

And I give you a hundred percent that was a very nice quiz there on your vocabulary that's fine. Thank you. That's fine

How long did it take you to do that to memorize the list? Like ten minutes. Okay like ten minutes that's awfully fast okay fantastic which everybody has different paces if you're out there and if you're out there and and Madelaine is head somewhere you're one of these voices one of these discord voices in Madelaine's head head don't think that it's going to take you only ten minutes. Okay to memorize it may take you three times as long it doesn't matter if it does. What you need to do is commit these

Things to memory that's all that works that's all of vocab okay Madelaine you did some sentences from unit one let's see if we understand syntax of unit one go ahead and read the first sentence and then translate it for me please.

O Meros ton anthropon paideway. The Homer teaches the man. Or the person. Good good now let's let's just shine it up your pronunciation was perfect okay you're right on with me pronouncing exactly where I am so perfect you said the Homer is that definite is that definite article? Well no no no what you want to do is when you see the definite article you want to translate it and they told you in the vocabulary that it means the. Yeah. >> But but it can also just mean

1. A. >> A horse a dog. And people will say biblical scholars love to make a giant deal out of this and say oh look it's got the definite article it can't be the generic form that's because they don't really read that's because they really don't read Greek. Right there is a generic form and a specific form of the definite article it can just mean a and when you've got it with a name it's just you you you're not using it. Right you are not pointing to it right

So perfect okay Homer Homer did what he he's teaching his his man right he's teaching a man right now he's teaching mankind maybe

Right now by the way as we're doing these sentences remember that this is falsified Greek it's not real Greek. Right so it's just there to illustrate there are certain things that are done that you're not going to be seeing okay so just and don't worry about the like does it mean anything does it have any philosophical significance absolutely not it's just exercises [clears throat] for you okay sorry to slow you down number two go ahead and say it and let's translate it. O Homeru adelphos paideway ton

Anthropon. Homer Homer's brother

Educates the man. Most excellent most excellent right and you said Homer's brother and voices in your head may say how How you get that out of ho Homeru adelphos? Ho is the definite article with adelphos, right? The brother. And then we have Homer in the genitive case. The brother of Homer or Homer's brother. Perfectly done. Okay, so far you're wrecking this with an A, right? You're completely wrecking it, right? Let's keep going. Do number three. >> Okay. Ton Homeron paideuei

Ho anthropos. This is um

Uh anthropos is the nominative, so it's the subject, right? So then Good. it would be um

Uh the man educates Homer? Good. Okay. >> educates Homer. And look at Did you hear the little question mark in the end of your voice? The man educates Homer? Right? Cuz it's backward. It just Right, because it's backward and it doesn't feel right. Right? Now, what is the Greek What is the Greek doing? We I mean, it's literally you know, Homer the man is educating, right? Yeah. So, it feels backwards to us. Now, I want to point out a lie to you. The first big lie

Okay. in this book is on is on at the end of unit one. It's the last bit in the grammar on page 30. Just go there and look at word order. And it tells you the basic grammatical relations of subject, verb, and direct object are shown in Greek by inflection.

Right? The inflection of those nouns and verbs. So, if those verbs and nouns are already telling you what they're doing, you don't need a word order. Yeah. >> Right? You can jumble up the words and because the endings are so specific, it'll mean the same thing. So, what is the word order What is the word order really doing? Look at the second line. It says, "Word order is free to express emphasis, contrast, balance, and variety."

This is the music This is the part of the This is the part of the music of Greek, right? Greek indicates its balance. Look at this musically. Greek indicates its balance by its word order. It's not indicating its meaning. Right? It's It's meaning is not going to change. Jumble those words, but what you can do is change the balance. When you put the word Look at A, B, and C there on page 30 under word order. Ho Homeros ton adelphon paideuei. That That one is Homer teaches his

Brother. But look at number Look at B. It's the same thing. Ho Homeros is still teaching his brother. But this time you've got the paideuei first. So, the emphasis The emphasis in B is the teaching. What is Homer Yeah, what is Homer doing? He's teaching his brother. Right? There's no emphasis on his brother or on Homer. It's the fact that the teaching is what's happening. That first position in Greek and the last position are the two stressed positions. Those are the what the the author is really trying to present is the first

Word and the last. Mhm. Right? Fantastic. Wow. >> So, let's Let's go back. Does that make sense? Yeah. Uh-huh.

Nice. Let's Let's Let's practice a little bit. How about number three? >> Okay. All right. Well, no, I'm sorry. Let Actually, jump down. Let's do number six. Did you get to number six? Yeah, we were talking about it. Go for it. Okay. Ho adelphos tou Homerou paideuei

Tous anthropous

Tous. So, the double tous. in te agora agora.

Um so let's see here. The brother of Homer educates um the people. But that So, the double tous uh it it does emphasize the noun, right? Um in the marketplace. So >> Correct. You're correct. So, the people Oh, you can >> [laughter] >> So, sorry. I Yeah. No, do it again. You're good. Do it Do it one more time fully through. Okay. So

Um Let's see here. Um

Okay. The brother of Homer educates the people in the marketplace. Good. Good. Fantastic. Now That's a perfect translation. No problem. What you're noticing is that definite article is repeated. Yeah. And this is how it This is how it's being used. You can repeat the article to say, "Hey, look, this is an attribute of that noun." What kind of dog is it? It's the blue dog. Right? When you repeat the article right like that, you're creating attribution.

You're telling me what is that noun like. You're describing that noun. noun. So, yeah. And the What kind of people are those? Those are the people in the market. In the marketplace. >> teaching is of the teaching of the people in the marketplace. Oh God. Gorgeous. Okay, you got all the hard ones, huh? Uh I'll bet. How about uh turn Turn to number 16. Now, you may not have You may not have gotten that far. Did you get through all of the exercises? Um I I mean, I read through some of them. I didn't like break them all down,

But I can do it. >> Okay. Go to number 16. Okay. >> And let's do 16. Say that one and then translate it. >> Um

Um kai en mache Hoseos tous anthropous.

Tous tous Homerou adelphos paideuei.

Okay. Fantastic. Good Good pronunciation. Let's see what you got for translation. All right. Um so the I noticed um Let's see. The omega. Mhm. The brother and the battle um of the god um of man.

Um tous tous. So, um the brother of Homer educates. So, um let's see. Does that make sense? >> Stop there for a minute. I want you to notice I want you to notice in this one you've gotten the weeds. Mhm. There's so much information that they're pouring at you. There's so much information they're pouring at you because you because you speak and write linearly. Yeah, linearly. verb subject verb object.

Because you rely on that linear, you're going to get lost in the weeds. And everybody gets lost in the weeds. So, we got got to find the verb. What happens? Go to the verb. Paideuei. Just translate But what would paideuei just be by itself? Educate. Teach.

He, she, or it educates. Mhm. Right. Now, can you find a sub- subject anywhere? Is there a sub- subject? Anything in the nominative that could be doing the verb? Um uh

Is Is it brother? Adelphe? Or is it um A- Adelphe. Adelphe. with an epsilon That's going to be the voc- vocative so interjection means you're not going to translate So, that you're just going to say, "Oh bro- oh brother." Okay. Oh bro- oh brother. Yeah. Right. Now, where's the subject? Where's something in the nominative case that can be doing the verb paideuei? Something in the nominative. Just for something in the nominative case. Okay. Um

So I would be looking for um Is it mache with the I mean >> With an iota subscript, that's got to be the dative [clears throat] case. So, that's not the nominative. Nope, keep going. >> [laughter] >> Okay. Look for Look Look for an article. Look for a nominative article somewhere.

Okay. Um

I don't have stuff. Two Homers is a genitive. That's a genitive, so that doesn't. Nope, that that's not going to be a subject. God, I don't know. There is something here in the nominative. You're going to kick yourself when you see it. >> Yeah, I know. Is it um Is it man anthropos? Nope, nope, that's not the subject.

>> [Laughter] >> I'm taking every word, but it Okay. Okay. Um Go to God. Find God. >> Yeah, God, theos. Right, ho theos, right? Ho theos is your subject there. >> All right. >> It's the nominative case, so try to make it that as your subject of paideuo. >> Okay. The God educates. Good. Man.

Good. Um What kind of men are these? These are the two Homers. >> To them the men of Homers brothers? They're the brothers of Homer. >> of Homer, yeah. >> Right, see how tous adelphous is in the same case? It's the accusative. Same case as tous anthropos. Yeah. >> What kind of What kind of men are these? These are the brothers of Homer. Right, so [clears throat] so you translate this whole thing, "O brother, in battle, God teaches men

Specifically the brothers of Homer." Okay, now again, don't try to make sense of it. Don't try to like say, "What?" It's just puzzles. Puzzles. >> [laughter] >> It's just puzzles. Exactly, they're just puzzles, and all they want you to do is say, "Oh, okay." Look, en mache mache is a dative. En takes a dative, right? It means in or on, in battle. Ho theos is there as your subject, God, right? And then you jump to the end and find paideuo. Say, "Okay, let's do Okay. Let's do number 21

Together. Ho Homeros. Ho Homeros, what do you notice right away about that, ho Homeros? Ho Homeros, um that's masculine. And >> Good. Um

What case is it? Nominative, genitive, dative, accusative? What is it? Um Is Is it genitive? No, it's a nominative, right? It's a nominative. You know you know we're going to be doing our last 20 minutes. >> Yeah. God. >> Right, so Homer Homer Homer does what? Just jump to the verb. Right, paideuei. >> Educates. What Who does Homer educate? He educates his ton adelphon. Mhm.

Right, the brother. The brother. >> And here you've got a double accusative, right? The techne, he teaches his brother the art. And how does he teach it? He teaches it bibliois. He teaches it with books. Okay. >> Okay. Yeah. The dative is used to express how something is done. With In what way is it done? By what means is it done? Right, it's done with books.

You're just going to have to get used to that dative being that kind of thing. Okay, here's what now. Go ahead and take that down. Um here's what I have from our my diagnostic. You understand? What we just did. You do the exercises so that you need work on and what you need to What reps [clears throat] you need to do. The reps that we need to do right now for the next 10 minutes are you turning to page 26.

26, And I want you to see the chart in the middle of page 26. And I want you to say to me just like this, logos logou logoi logon. And then I want you to pause between the singular and the plural. And then I want you to say logoi logon logois logous. And I want you to do it just repeat it three times right now. Go ahead. Logos logou logoi logon.

Logon logoi logou logous.

Logoi in the plural, logoi logon logois logous. Try that. >> Okay. Logos logous

Logois and log logon. Logous, I'm going to do it again. Listen to me. I'll do the singular after I do the singular. Are you ready? >> Okay. Logos logou logoi logon. Logon. Mhm. Good. Okay.

Plural, logoi Mhm. Logoi. logon Logon. >> logois Logois. logous Yeah, okay. >> I just have to memorize the the the clensions and then I should be >> Right, you just have to Okay, now now stop. We said it twice. I should have had you say it three times. But now stop and now just look at the bold. Just look at the bold and say the endings, os ou oi on. Okay. os ou oi on Good, and in the plural oi on ois ous. >> ois ous, yeah.

>> Good, say it again, just the endings. os ou oi on oi on ois ous Good, now do the neuter. At the end doron doron, except I only want you to say the endings. Okay. on ou oi on a on ois a Right, that's how I want you to remember this, right? on ou oi on a on ois a Right, if you get that down, when you said it enough, you will not forget it. You absolutely have to know it. For this one, those endings are on page

24. If you turn back to page 24, you'll see all those endings. I need you to sit on the mode or on your back porch with a cup of tea or while you're watching news, and I need you to say os ou oi on oi on ois ous. You got it? Mhm. Okay, that's masculine and neuter. You also have to be able to do feminine. Now for the feminine on page 21 page 21, I want you

Good, I want you to do the aidas a as a an i on ais as. Of course, yeah. a as a an i on ais as a as a i i on i on ais as Good, and notice that those plurals those plurals are the same. i on ais as. They're going to always be the same. Feminine plurals are not going to change to aidas. Right, they're going to always stay the same. i on ais as.

Good. So next time that we start I have to be able to drill you on your your endings. You have to now have mastered everything in unit one. Cool. >> Okay, so next time I really need I Why does he Oh, somebody put a question. Why One of the voices in my One of the voices in your head is asking skipping of the vocative, right? Because you're not going to see the vocative frequently, and if you memorize these paradigms with the vocative it will throw you off.

So don't. Right, fantastic fantastic. Standard people, we're trying to make it as standard as as easily remembered as possible, easily memorized as possible. Okay, another one that you need work on that I'm going to quiz you before we come is page 28.

Page 28. Look at the definite articles. >> Oh, yeah. Please just go through and say them once for me in masculine, all of the masculine and all feminine and all neuter, and I'll just be listening in. Go ahead. ho tou toi ton oi ton tois tous

And then you want me to do the feminine or or the neuter? Yeah, and I also want you to notice that nominative plural has a rough breathing on it. It's ho. >> Oh, yes. Oi, yes. Okay. >> Good, good.

He tes te ten hai ton tais tas to tou toi to ta ton tois ta Wait, I forgot tais. So, yeah. tais, beautiful. >> I made a note, but I I keep forgetting that, yeah. That's [laughter] the one correction I was going to make, so since you made it, see, we're in sync. That's how it should be. Those are the definite articles. You're going to translate those most of the time as the just to get a general idea and then you're going to work back and say, is this actually a a generalized form and it should just be

A? So, don't worry though. You'll learn. They tell you context will tell you how to translate those articles. >> Yeah. Cool. >> don't don't worry about um Mhm. Don't worry about that. And lastly, the last point of grammar that I really wanted to hit Okay. is on page 20

There is a very good diagram that you looked at and I'm sure you're like, oh, but that's interesting. Is that >> Oh, yeah. that really going to help or what not? It really is. If you look at the different oblique cases they've got there, that is the genitive, the dative, and the accusative. They have those three oblique cases there. Then not listed the nominative, but they're putting them there to show you what their relationship is to one another and the cosmos. And I'm telling you, this is one of the reasons mother Greek

Is so incredible. Look at the box. All of the cases can be related to the positioning of the box. The accusative is a motion toward or into that box. The dative is the existence on or in that box. Mhm.

>> And the genitive is the exiting, the leaving of that box. So, accusative direction into, dative placement upon and genitive exit out of. Right? Movement away from. Conceptually, [clears throat] if you will understand this point you will be able to break down compound verbs. Cuz you'll understand exactly how um the Greek mind is working to say, look, when it comes to movement and position there are only three pathways that you can take. You can be going towards something, you can be sitting on that something, or you can be going away from it. Do you hear, Madalena, how those are

That's like basic physics? Yeah. Uh-huh. >> Yeah. Right? >> behave. It's the basics physics of the cosmos baked into the language. The language is expressing that. So, they are thinking they are thinking in a way they are thinking in a way that is expressing itself in the language. If you understand how they are thinking Mhm. it's only [clears throat] because you understood that language. So, these little charts that they make of, you know, conceptual, this is what the Greek is doing conceptually. They don't Mhm. They may not seem like they're hugely

Important at this second, but it will come back to you in the future and you'll be working with a dative, for example, and you'll be like, oh, I do really see that it means to be positioned upon or at or on something. Yeah. >> it's it'll really help. I just wanted you to see that. Thank you. >> And that was all that was all the grammar um I wanted us not with our few minutes that we've got left, I wanted us not to miss there are all sorts of notes

On the vocabulary after the vocabulary. So, like starting on bottom of page 31 and going to page 32 [clears throat] and 33 Mhm. 34, you've got all of these notes on the vocab. I don't want you to be memorizing anything out of these notes. Okay. >> Okay? >> [clears throat] >> Notes are just there to kind of supplement you for all the words that you'll be dealing with. So, for example, at the top of page 32 they give you that little diag- they give you that little diagram

Again of the accusative, the dative, and the genitive. Yeah. >> And they put prepositions. The accusative preposition ace means into. The dative preposition the preposition in takes a dative case, they say, and it means in or on. And then um ek meaning out of. So, you can see the relationship. They try to set it up for you there to see the conceptual side. >> That makes more sense. Yeah. You don't have to memorize this material, but if you could just read it, just to expose yourself to it, it will help you.

Okay? >> Okay. Mhm. For next time, we're going to start off with a quiz on the >> Okay. first and second declension nouns. I'm going to make sure that you're up to speed Okay. and on the articles. You have to have those memorized and then you and I will read unit two together, emphasizing the big important things that you need to know and we'll do the same we'll do the same format we did today with unit two. >> Okay? All right. >> If you're able to translate the sentences at the end of each unit,

That's what tells me you can go forward and you are >> Okay. So, the best way to prep for this would be just for you to sit down and read unit two, not trying to memorize not trying to memorize yet, just read it. Okay. >> And then making sure that you have memorized what's in unit one. Cool. Okay. >> all going to come back to be reinforced on you and all that kind of stuff. It was a lot of work today and you hung in there. This is a lot of, you know,

This is a lot. So, it's pace is going to seem like it's getting faster and faster, but the only thing we're doing is reading the chapters together, doing the exercises together. That's it. >> Yeah. Okay. Okay? >> Awesome. Okay. All right. All right. And you had some Menander today. It wasn't too visibly exciting, but

I'll bring you some more, a little more interesting. But, you know, you you have to see that you can do this and so that's why they they give you the Menander. Okay. Cool. All right. All right. I'm going to go. Is it clear what you need to do for tomorrow? Yes. Yeah. Fantastic. I'll see you tomorrow. Thank you, Madalena. Keep it up. >> Thank you so much. And and work hard and and by the time we get to the 20th unit, you're going to be surprised. You're

Going to be like, oh my god, I made it through the whole thing. Awesome. So, fantastic. Okay. Have a good one. You too. Thank you, woman. That was a lot. >> Thank you, everybody. Good night. See you. Good night, you guys. I'll catch Catch everybody